The strength of an electromagnet Essay Example for Free

The strength of an electromagnet EssayI name out that the best variables to use were 10-35 volts this means that the electromagnet doesnt get too hot and 10 volts does split up a few nails. I also found out that agitates the number of coils on the electromagnet wasnt a good idea as its very difficult to get an accurate reading, so I dogged to change the voltage, but as I changed the voltage the current changed on the ammeter, so I decided to have both the current and the voltage change, so I could multiply the answers together to get the condition rating in watts. Changes to Plan.I decided to change my original plan as I wanted to investigate another way of strengthening an electromagnet. I go out do this by keeping the power the similar and changing the number of coils that surround the tardily branding constrict meat. To keep the power the selfsame(prenominal) I will set up the exactly the same equipment as before and then set the current and voltage to constant am ps and volts. Current being 4. 85amps and the voltage being 23 volts, this means the power will be 111. 55 watts. I will start the number of coils at 5 and go up to 30 with intervals of 5 and I will excerpt these intervals 3 times each and then take an average at the end.Prediction I predict that the more coils of wire that are rough the soft iron core then more nails will be picked up by the electromagnet this is because, the more coils of wire used in around the soft iron core, the stronger the magnet is. If there is one coil, and another is added, then the two coils have twice the strength of one. Precision and skill In my table I found that there were a few anomalous results, so I first drew a interpret that represented the results including the anomalous ones and then a graph without them. To happen upon the average of my results accurate I repeated them 3 times and then found the average.The anomalous results are highlighted in the table. Conclusion animationing previsi on In my prodigy I stated that when the number of coils around the soft iron core were increased the more nails the electromagnet will pick up, this means that my prediction was right as my graph shows. Detailed scientific knowledge From my graph it also shows that the reason from my prediction was right that when the passage of an electric current on a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire. The fields are in the shape of a series of concentric rings.We can make use of this magnetic field by wrapping a wire conceiveing a current around a soft iron core. Soft iron is used because it is easily magnetised and demagnetised, so when the power is switched on the magnetic lines of force flow into the iron it becomes a magnet. The more coils of wire used in around the soft iron core, the stronger the magnet is. If there is one coil, and another is added, then the two coils have twice the strength of one. Evaluation Quality of yard and anomalies I think I had good quality evidence as I had a good range of results and I repeated them 3 times each.Although I did get a couple of anomalous results as shown from the graph, I highlighted these on the table and then ignored them and drew another graph covering a more accurate investigation. Things that could have contributed to these anomalies are the voltage may have differed throughout the investigation which means that the power would not have been the same, the coils around the soft iron core also may have moved slightly throughout the investigation, similarly the crocodile clips could have been moved when the soft iron core was picked up and then replaced from the tensile beaker.Also the weighting machine might not be completely accurate plus several times I had to use a different weighting machine so I might have got wrong readings. Another reason that I could have accumulate anomalies in my results might be because I could not be sure whether I had left the soft iron core in the plastic beaker the same am ount of time for each different amount of coils and for each repeat. Suitability of procedure.I think some parts of my procedure was suitable for the time I had to collect my results and to make sure that everything was a fair test and each time I recorded a results I made sure as accurately as I could that it was done in the exactly the same as the one before it. Changes to improve If I was to do this investigation over again I would change some of the things I did so I wouldnt get as many anomalies, although I still think I can support my conclusion from my graph because it is scientifically correct but the things I would change would be I would use the same weighting machine for each test and make sure that it is on an even surface.I would also time the time that I would leave the soft iron core in the plastic beaker of nails, so this would hopefully insure that the investigation would be more of a fair test. Further work If I was to extend this piece of coursework I could of ca rry put the investigation that I was originally going to do, this might help to find out if there are other ways of increase the magnetic attraction of an electromagnet and find out if the results were the same.

Importance Of Staphylococcus Aureus To Humans Biology Essay

Importance Of staphylococci Aureus To Humans Biology EssayThe bacterial genus to be discriminate and identification in this project is staphylococci. This genus has been chosen for the reason of its teemingness on the pelt of mammals and the pathogenic nature of one of its member, staphylococcus aureus. Apart from trim infections, staphylococci aureus could mutate to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In both cases, these give rise to medical implications. In summing up, the distinctive features of Staphylococcus aureus from different species in the genus allow it to be easily isolated and identified via culturing and biochemical tests.Staphylococcus was first discovered in 1880 by Alexander Ogston (Paniker 2005, p.192). Currently, to a slap-uper extent than 30 different species of the genus has been identified (Deurenberg Stobberingh 2008). The denomination Staphylococcus was derived from Greek, with the prefix Staphylo referring to bunches of grapes and the suffix coccus referring to granule (Ryan Ray 2004). As the meanings suggest, bacteria from Staphylococcus are circular-shaped and their arrangement resembles bunches of grapes when observed below a microscope. Typically, a Staphylococcus has a diameter of approximately 1m (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.562).The aim of the project is to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from the genus from a bundle of cat hairs and verify its identity via microscopical examination. No human specimen is used due to the potential pathogenic property of Staphylococcus. It is intended that a pure culture of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus is growed. For the purposes of this project, the splendour of Staphylococcus aureus to humans, its classification in foothold of word structure, physiology and structure, methods of isolation and identification by biochemical tests would be the objectives to be addressed.Importance of Staphylococcus aureus to humansThe importance of Staphylococcus aureus to hu mans would be outlined by a review of the cubicle structure, cell physiology and environmental niches, followed by the medical implications of Staphylococcus.Cell structureStaphylococcus is a cocci bacterium. As a member of the Bacteria domain, it is expected that Staphylococcus has bacterial cell structure. In other words, it lacks nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The structural elements in a cell of Staphylococcus should include a cell membrane, cell wall, ribosome and nucleoid (Campbell et al. 2009, p.98). On the other hand, it is worthwhile to note that Staphylococcus does not have flagella and spores (Paniker 2005, p.193).In addition to the above structures, Staphylococcus aureus possesses heighten proteins that help attachment to proteins such as the fibronectin and fibrinogen-binding proteins involved in blood clotting (Baron 1996). This cellular property may rationalise the pathogenic nature of Staphylococcus aureus, as invasion might occur via wounds and abrasions .Cell physiologyThe cell physiology of Staphylococcus covers temperature, pH, osmolarity and oxygen requirements, as well as cell division.Staphylococcus typically grows from a temperature of 20oC to 40oC, with optimum temperature being 37oC (Todar 2000). Concerning the optimum pH for metabolism, it ranges from 7.4 to 7.6 (Paniker 2005, p.193). For osmolarity, Staphylococcus requires a water activity of at least 0.85 for substantial maturement (Todar 2000).As for oxygen requirement, Staphylococcus is facultative anaerophilous (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.562). This implies Staphylococcus can grow regardless of the presence of oxygen, but the presence of oxygen would be more favorable.Environmental nichesThe environmental niches of Staphylococcus can be addressed by its interactions with other organisms as to where it is found, how it synthesizes alimentarys for growth and mutation.Staphylococcus is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of animals with stable bod y temperatures, including humans (OGara and Humphreys 2001, p.583). The salty environment along skin surface due to the production of sweat may account for the abundance of Staphylococcus, since its enzymatic activity is at alkaline pH (Blood et al. 2007). The prominent bacteria from the genus include Staphylococcus aureus, which colonizes in nasal cavity, larynx and on the skin surface (Andersson, Lindholm Fossum 2011). This may outline a parasitic relationship, in which Staphylococcus is the parasite and the animal supporting its growth is the host (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.725).In the presence of oxygen, Staphylococcus utilizes glucose to engage out cellular respiration, and electrons are passed on to the terminal acceptor, oxygen (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.562).When oxygen is lacking or absent, Staphylococcus may undergo fermentation and lactic acidulent is the usual product (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.562). In the process, glucose is converte d into substrate pyruvate, followed by its binding to the co featureor Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) to produce lactic acid (Campbell et al. 2009, p.178)The interactions of Staphylococcus with the environment may in any case be underlined by mutation, which often occurs with Staphylococcus aureus. An example would be Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic, Methicillin (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.562). The mutation is inductd by an alteration of the methicillin-resistance gene (mec A) code for a penicillin-binding protein (Davis 2011). This results in failure of antibiotics to cure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which will be addressed in the medical implication section.Medical implications of StaphylococcusStaphylococcus can present a great diversity of environmental, medical or biotechnological implications.Being a mesophile, Staphylococcus can carry out metabolism under no rmal room temperature. Together with the abundance of warm-blooded animals which act as hosts to provide a salty mean(a), it can be said that Staphylococcus has an environmental implication of ubiquity.Statistics show that Staphylococcus aureus is present in 30% of healthy people (National Centre for Preparedness, Detection and Control of Infectious Diseases 2003). Though Staphylococcus may colonize on the skin surface of the host without causing any harms, its ubiquity can still give rise to various medical issues. The MRSA mentioned previously would be one of the problems associated with Staphylococcus. Apart from methicillin, MRSA could show resistance against many other antibiotics such as penicillin and amoxicillin (Agodi et al. 1999, p.638). The ineffectiveness of existing antibiotics to cure MRSA infections has resulted in fatality, and it is usually characterized by the incidence of septic shock and pneumonia (Klevens et al. 2007). A rapid increase of MRSA infections has been observed over the decades. The rate of hospitalized MRSA infections was only 2% in 1974 but this prefigure increases dramatically to approximately 40% in 1997 (Lowy 1998). This causes deaths of 19000 in the United States of America annually (Klevens et al. 2007). As Staphylococcus colonies on skin surfaces and mucous membrane, skin infections and diseases associated with mucous membranes could be another medical implication. It is known that Staphylococcus aureus may cause Scalded Skin and Toxic Shock syndromes. Moreover, it may cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections, fare poisoning (Gill et al. 2004, p. 2426).Classification of StaphylococcusThe classification of Staphylococcus can be reviewed in monetary value of its morphology and some of the physiological properties stated above.MorphologyThe morphology of Staphylococcus can be described as cocci gram verifying bacteria arranged in a cluster. This can be explained by its property of cell wall and its behavior in cell division.The cell wall of Staphylococcus shows a gram positive reaction, which indicates its composition is basically a thick layer of peptidoglycan (Todar 2011). This property of cell structure helps the identification of Staphylococcus. Moving on to cell division, it can be predicted that Staphylococcus reproduce by binary star fission. The reason for its cluster formation may be explained by its capability of undergoing binary fission in multiple planes with daughter cells remains proximal to each other (Paniker 2005, p.192). Though the daughter cells remain in close proximity, the positions of attachment could vary and this leads to cluster being formed irregularly (Todar 2011).Physiological propertiesIn terms of thermal requirement, Staphylococcus is a mesophile. Regarding pH requirements, it is a neutrophile. Being a facultative anaerobe, Staphylococcus is catalase positive. The absence of flagella indicates that Staphylococcus is a non-motile bacterium. In addition, Staphy lococcus aureus is coagulase positive but not for other species in the genus.As light is not readily available on skin surface and mucous membranes, it is proposed that Staphylococcus obtain energy via radical chemical compounds. Hence it is regarded as a chemotroph (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.137). The facultative anaerobic property of Staphylococcus may lead to a deduction that it utilizes organic carbon as the source of electron when oxygen is present. Though some Staphylococcus may use reduced forms of inorganic nitrates to generate electrons, its preference towards an aerobic atmosphere should define it as an organotroph (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.137, 562). When comes to carbon source, Staphylococcus is a heterotrophy (Kumar, Hatha Christi 2007). That is to say, it attains its carbon source by converting organic substances for synthesis via oxidation (Voet, D, Voet, JG Pratt CW 2008, p.449). To sum up, Staphylococcus should be one of the members of the microbial group Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs.Methods of Isolation of StaphylococcusThe methods of isolation of Staphylococcus would include growing in medium followed by streak plating.Growth mediaTo control optimum growth of colonies, Staphylococcus should be enriched in nutrient broth with sodium chloride (NaCl) before plating on a nutrient agar. A nutrient broth normally consists of beef extract and peptone as fuels for growth (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.148). The addition of salt allows a selective medium for Staphylococcus as it predominantly grows in salty environment.Alternatively, a growth medium can be done via a Mannitol salt agar (MSA), which consists of 7.5% of NaCl and a pH indicator. MSA essentially acts as both a selective and differential medium. NaCl selects for saline-favored Staphylococcus and the pH indicator differentiates between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Differentiation can be illustrated by the fact that Staphylococcu s aureus utilizes mannitol in the agar for metabolism, and the generation of acidic product is indicated by a yellow color. However, this phenomenon does not apply to non-pathogenic Staphylococcus (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.147).Streak coatFollowing enrichment, Staphylococcus in the medium can be transferred to an agar plate with nutrient broth and salt, by employment of aseptic techniques. At the same(p) time, a transfer to an agar plate with only nutrient broth should be performed as a control set-up. This is to ensure the effectiveness of the selective media because other bacteria could grow on the agar plate if the medium was not set up properly.Afterwards, the plates would be incubated for a week. Incubation should be done at 37oC as it is the optimum temperature for Staphylococcus to grow. Plating and incubation should be repeated a few times to make sure that the colonies grown are pure. credit by biochemical testsThe identity of Staphylococcus cannot be confirmed by carrying out the gram reaction alone due to the fact that a great variety of bacteria from other genus may also show gram positive reaction. indeed, some biochemical tests have to be performed to verify that the bacteria isolated is in the genus of Staphylococcus and it is of the species Staphylococcus aureus. These tests include catalase, motility and cogulase.First of all, as Staphylococcus aureus is facultative anaerobic, it is expected that it books enzymes to break down harmful products such as free radicals generated along its aerobic pathway (). In this case, the enzyme of interest is catalase, in which its presence allows the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen and water (). Therefore colourless gas bubbles can be observed when H2O2 is added to a colony of Staphylococcus aureus.Moreover, as Staphylococcus aureus is non-motile, motility test can be performed. In a motility medium supplied with carbon source, a pink color can only be observed along th e stab line (). This essentially means that the growht Staphylococcus aureus is localized and its colonies are not motile.Furthermore, the identification test between Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria from the genus would be based on its reaction with coagulase. Staphylococcus aureus readily coagulates plasma but not for others species in the genus (Willey, Sherwood Woolverton 2011, p.750). To ensure accuracy of the test, it is preferable to test on colonies extracted from culture plates that are known to contain coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus epididymis respectively. The former acts as a positive control, while the latter acts as a negative control.ConclusionIn conclusion, Staphylococcus is a ubiquitous bacterial genus that can pose various medical implications and it can be grown, isolated and identified based on its, environmental niches, morphology, physiological and structural characteristics. The aims of isolation and ide ntification of Staphylococcus aureus can be achieved by a review of the four objectives as summarized below.Firstly, it is often found on epidermis of animal skins including humans and its ability to metabolize optimally at 37oC and at pH of 7.4-7.6 makes it a potential pathogen to humans. In particular, the species Staphylococcus aureus can cause a great diversity of diseases and the mutated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus could be fatal owing to its resistance to most antibiotics.Secondly, it can be classified by in terms of morphology and some of the physiological characteristics. Its morphology is gram positive cocci bacteria growing in clusters. It is a mesophile, nuetrophile and facultative anaerobe. It is catalase positive and only Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive. The energy, electron and carbon sources of Staphylococcus aureus can be described as chemoorganotrophic heterotrophic.Thirdly, regarding growth medium, the sample of cat hair should be enrich ed in a medium of sodium chloride before incubating on an agar plate of nutrient broth and salt at 37oC. The colonies should be streaked plated a few times to channel contaminants. This increases the efficiency of isolation of Staphylococcus aureus.Lastly, Staphylococcus aureus can be identified by the catalase, motility and coagulase tests. It is expected that bubbling is observed as a positive result with the catalase test. As for the motility test, a negative test is expected. In other words, no growth is observed across the stab line. Clumping of plasma is seen as a positive result and this differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from other species in the genus.

Birth And Eleven Months Children And Young People Essay

Birth And Eleven Months Children And Young People EssayThe control that lot have over their bodies is quite remark adequate, and yet most people drive it completely for granted. Watch a young baby struggling to pass a rattle from unmatched hand to an a nonher(prenominal) and you lead soon incur on how skilled you have be inject. Physical phylogenesis like some(prenominal) other atomic number 18as of assumement is a journey, hardly interestingly it is a relatively fast one, and by the age of 5 years most electric razorren have a good level of control over their bodies. Physical knowledge nips principally at the skills that infantren acquire, that it is important to catch that in that respect is a link here to growth and maturation. For example, young babies nookie suck their toes, but this incurs difficult as the bodys proportions change. In the identical way some physical development faecesnot bow place until some maturation processes have occurred. Physical de velopment builds childrens confidence when children good deal do things for themselves, they be more likely to gain in confidence, and they can do things how and when they want. It allows children to express themselves, physical shinements ar one in which babies and young children can express themselves. Babies whitethorn signal with their arms if they wish to be listed .Physical development is too linked to cognitive development, in childrens early stages , a significant amount of give awaying is pragmatic and requires physical movements, early physical movements besides help to develop the brain. To gain control over their movements, children take up to master different types of movement andMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1varlet 2Skills. These types of movements atomic number 18 fine motor skills and gross motor skills. Fine motor skills cover flyspeck movements that atomic number 18 usually made utilise the hand, fine manipulative skills are movements that require the fingers and thumbs to carry out co-ordinated small tasks, fine motor skills are movements that involve the wrists and hands.According to Arn doddering Gessel an American paediatrician the aboriginal nervous system underpinned development with stimulation not necessarily having a significant role. He evokeed that they are 3principles of physical development1. Development follows a sequence, as children develop and grow a sequence emerges and certain things have to be in place before others can follow.2. Development bugger offs at the top at the head and moves bring downwards, babies gain control of their head and top of the spine before any other part of the body. This is a survival mechanism which allows the baby to feed.3. development begins with motor movements which are uncontrolled which then generate refined and precise, they have uncontrolled arm and leg movements but most control is quickly gained, by 6 months most babies can take an offered toy relatively easily . The first year of life is amazing in terms of physical development, babies begin with a range of reflexes, the reflexes are actions that happen without the baby thinking about them, these are swallowing and sucking reflex -these ensure the babies can feed and swallow milk. root reflex -the baby will move its head to look for a nipple or teat if its cheek or mouth is touched, this helps the baby to ascend milk. Grasp reflex- babies will automatically hurtle their fingers round an object that has touched the palm of their hand. Startle reflex when babies hear a sudden sound or see a sudden bright light, they will react by moving their arms outwards and clenching their fist. Walking and standing reflex- when babies areMichelle howorthNC36694Assignment 1 rascal 3Held upright with their feet on a firm surface they usually make stepping movements. Falling reflex- this is know as the Moro reflex babies will widen out their arms suddenly and then clasp them inwards in any situations in which they feel they are over falling. Over the first hardly a(prenominal) months some of these reflexes begin to disappear and instead babies develop to control their movements, muscle tone also increases and the body grows stronger. By the age babies are one month old they have changed already, they appear less curled up and more relaxed. Babies at one month old have usually started to settle into a pattern, they sleep quite a lot of the time but will gradually try to spend longer time awake. They cry to communicate their take and parents are pedigree to understand the different kind of crys , they start to deal more about their parents they whitethorn stop crying when they hear their voice they also try hard to focalise on the face of who is holding them (they can focus at a distance of 20-25cms ).When they get to 3 months they have fully grown in height and weight , they have grown out of all their early clothes and have changed in galore(postnominal) ways, Some bab ies have learnt the struggle surrounded by day and night and are fit to sleep finished the night . They are likely to cry less and most parents are get better at knowing what their cry means, they are also starting to sleep a little less and are far more prompt .They may smile quite often and show that they know the sound of their parents voices and movements .Babies bodies are also developing, they are able to lift their head up and look about when put on their tummies. As a child tump overes 6-8 months they have learnt many skills, they are precise alert and move their head to see what is happening, they savour fulfilling and show it by squalling in delight .They can now reach out and grab a toy and move it from one hand to another, they are able to focus on an object and research it if it seems interesting .They also start to show that they understand a little of what is beingnessness said to them and they try to communicate. They usually enjoy their food and are ra dical to feed themselves by grabbing a spoon .They are also getting stronger they can sit up with withstand in a highchair and are able to rollMichelle howorthNC36694Assignment1Page 4over from their backs to their fronts, they can push themselves up on their hands if they lie on their fronts and hold this position for a while .As they reach 9 month Babys physical development is now very noticeable, many babies will be crawling or finding other ways of being officious, they are able to sit up without any support these freshly movements mean babies can explore more. Children at this age spend a lot of time sitting and playing, when they are mobile they can move quite fast .As well as large objects babies are also plunk downing up objects handling them and becoming more skilled at spot things. Objects still get popped into the mouth.1.2. Summarise the intellectual development of a child aged eight to twenty months.At this age your childs attention span is beginning to lengthen, he is beginning to develop memory through repeated activity touching objects made of different textures and materials to see what they feel like provide him to explore different ways of using his hands. He explores and experiments by touching different substances and textures such as different fabrics like velvet and felt which provide blue and hard textures. Babys begin to say there first dustup such as mamma and dada which are evidence of his cognitive development and the beginning of a fantastic new stage where communication develops into verbal manner of speaking. As this age he might be able to say a a couple of(prenominal) words such as mamma and dada or simple words which they recognise from parents communication with them but children are quite different, some pick up language fast and others dont, some children dont talk until later into their development. By 20 months they can understand simple requests like pass your bottle. His developing language may still be restrict ed to one word at a time and he hasnt quite established putting 2 words together and he may just point at things when he wants them and his vocabulary may divert between 50-100 words.Language development and memory are closely linked and memory are closely linked he will soon begin to realise that language will help him in the world around him, by communicating he will start to learn a few concepts , like tidying up after playing , this helps him take care of his possessions .Michelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 5There are different theories of how he gets to these stages theories that look at the way children think and learn are extremely important as they can be applied to so many situations in ordinary life .This also means that when Studying other aspects of child development , such as language demeanour management, or aggression you will find that the same terms and theories keep reappearing .Currently learning theories can be grouped into 3 bands The behaviourist approac h suggests that learning is influenced by rewards, punishments and environmental factors .The term conditioning is often used by behaviourists, it means that you learn to act in a certain way because past experiences have taught you to do or not to do something. B.F Skinner is recognised as being a key figure in developing the behaviourist approach by learning theory. Skinner suggested that most humans learn through exploring the environment and then drawing conclusions based on the consequences of their behaviour. Jean Piaget was a zoologist who became interested in childrens cognitive development as a result of operative on intelligence tests. He noticed that children consistently gave similar wrong answers to some questions and began to consider why this was. Piaget used his own children to make detailed observations and gradually developed a theory that has been very influential. His theory of learning is sometimes referred to as constructive approach because he suggested that children constructed or built up their thoughts consort to their experiences of the world around them. He felt that learning was an on-going process with children needing to adapt (hence piagets term adaption).For example a child aged 15 month may come to believe that milk is served in blue beakers , because their experience of having milk is linked with it being served in a blue beaker. If one day they are given juice in the blue beaker instead of milk they will reconsider the theory and thus come to the conclusion that milk and other drinks come in blue beakers. Piaget used specific vocabulary to describe the process of children learning in this way. Assimilation- the child constructs a theory. (Schema). Equilibrium the childsMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 6Experiences seem to fit the schema (everything balances). Disequilibrium An experience occurs that casts doubts on the effectiveness of the schema. (Things dont add up anymore). Accommodation the child changes the original schema to fit the new piece of experience or information he grouped child development into 4 broad stages Sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational. Although Piagets work is well known there are 2 other approaches which are in some ways similar to Piagets, Vygotsky Jerome bruners work was influenced by Piaget but particular by Vygotskys work. Bruners is not a stage theory as such but he suggests that children gradually acquire cognitive skills and he refers to these as modes of thinking. Enactive-0-1 years, iconic 1-7 years, symbolic 7+ years. Bruner believed that cognitive development can be speeded up if stimulated, he also believed that adults had a very important role in developing childrens cognitive skills by working alongside them and asking questions helping children to vocalise their thoughts.1.3 Summarise the language and communication development of a child aged 16-26 months.Much of an 18 months old toddlers speech is jargon is unr ecognisable but with randy content. A child at 18 months should be able to use 5-20 words most of which will be nouns. Examples include mamma, dada bath, and nana. At this age when he learns a new word he will repeat it over and over. 20-25 percent of an 18 month olds vocabulary should be intelligible to outsiders they are learning every object has a name. A babys vocabulary includes things like names of food, animals, family members, clothing and toys. 18 months may be able to point at parts of the body when a parent names it. A childs vocabulary explodes between the 18-24 month marks, mayhap 2/3 of what he says is intelligible and his vocabulary may contain 150-300 words. He should be able to name lots of objects in his surroundings like, chair, bottle, and shapeMichelle howorthNC36694Assignment 1Page 7He should be able to form small sentences like want cup he will be able to understand the words my and mine. There are quite a few theories as to explain how children Learn langua ge. Theories of language development fall into 1 of 2 camps empiricist and nativist. Empiricist believes language is a learned behaviour. Nativists on the other hand believe we are born with some innate language ability. Empirical researchers focus on learning theories to understand how children acquire language skills while nativists look for biological components responsible for the universe rules underlying all of the language spoken by people. Lev vygotsky a Russian psychology researcher who began developing his empirical theories of cognitive development after the Russian revolution in the early 20th century. Children learn by solving puzzles with the help of other people such as parents or siblings. Language develops a tool for helping them solve problems more effectively. They learn the skill by practicing or modelling language behaviours they hear being used around them.in his theory, language development is closely tied to sociable behaviour putting him in the empiricist ca mp. B.F Skinner, an American psychologist best known for his work in behaviourism, proposed behaviourism as the basis for language development in a record published in 1957. The core behaviourism is learning through reinforcement. the reinforcement takes different forms ,for example if the parent says to the child can you say mummy? and the child responds accordingly the parent provides ordained reinforcement . If the child uses language to make demands such as asking for a cookie and the demand is granted, the child receives positive reinforcement for using language. This approach places skinner in the empiricist camp of language development. According to empiricist Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist known for studying how knowledge develops in children and adults during the first half of the 20th century, languageMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 8Development is connected to a childs cognitive development. As the child moves through the different stages of cognitive devel opment. For example, during the pre-operational stage children can grasp the existence of things even when cannot see those things, likewise they can use language to think about those non- be things. Naom Chomsky , an American linguist and cognitive scientist believes children are born with innate knowledge of the rules governing language. This makes him a nativist, his research during the late 20th century also suggest that the rules are universal among the known human languages. For example Japanese and English seem very different, but both languages include verbs and in both languages verbs take an object. The difference is where the object of the verb is placed in the sentence. According to Chomsky the reason the children learn language so quickly is because they already know the rules. Jerome Bruner, a nativist and American cognitive psychologist believed language development comes easier to most children because of a combination of innate biological endowments and social enco uragement. Bruners research on the subject began in the 1960s. Bruners notes that even children who cannot eliminate between their thoughts and things attempt to use language suggesting they are born with an inclination towards communication. The role of encouragement is to provide necessary support as the child develops linguistically.1.4 summate the emotional development of a child aged between 30 and 50 months.A childs emotional development is hard to monitor because self-concept, gender individuation and social status are developing as well. TheMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 9Way they behave is usually a clear indicator of what they are dealing with on an emotional level. At this age lessons are being learnt which will form a childs personality, the childs personality as influences on emotional development. Children who are more adaptable will progress a lot faster than children who are far less adaptable, things like meeting new people and being in new environment will be more daunting for them. During this age childrens emotional inescapably are shown through their behaviour, understanding their needs and dealing with them as necessary will help the childs emotional health as the child progresses. Also during this time every experience the child encounters helps to develop the childs self-concept, spending time with parents and other children will give the child a awareness of who he is by emotional interactions and will start to develop his independence. Parents are the best role models the help the child develop his sense of gender identity, as a result of the child studying the parent, emotional characteristics of the parent sound a part of the childs gender identity. Frustrations and tantrums in a child this age are very apparent tantrums occur for no apparent reason but are often due to insecurities and not being able to get what they want. By 3 years old this behaviour will have calmed down and he will be beginning to develop intere sts in feelings towards other people and is starting to feel a lot more secure in his environment , he can keep his frustrations under control , by the time he reaches 4 he will have developed a definite personality and loves to explore everything new , he has excitement for adventures and can show sympathy and concern towards other children his behaviour might start to become erratic , for example he will like things and hate things in the space of a few minutes , he will exaggerate things and become extremely bossy and may begin to start telling lies. Theorist erik erikkson proposed that emotional development consisted of 8 crisis and that each crisis consisted of a specific window in a childs individual development for example the crisis for this specific age according to Erickson is initiative versus guilt according to errikkson a child should develop a sense of purpose by being able to do things on his own , such as dressing himself , if a child is not allowed to do this the ch ild may become afraid to try new things and develop a fear of disapproval.1.5 Summarise the social development of a child aged between 40 and 60 months.At this age a child interacts with other children very easily but only usually in a small group or with familiar adults. they are beginning to make massive leaps in socialisation which helps them develop a lot more friends .they dont need as much attention from adults because they understand that attention is there when needed. They will show friendship preferences but mainly based on play interests. Children will also now be aware of their own social backgrounds and strive to be accepted for who they are. They understand the difference in culture and gender and enjoy making friends and love being in the company of others. there confidence is create and they begin to understand the concept of sharing and taking turns and also begin to understand the difference between right and wrong. Lev vygotsky proposed that children thrive throu gh interactions with their surrounding culture is theory is known as the cultural perspective in this theory it states that cognitive development of children is enhanced when they work in their zone of proximal development (zpd). Children need help off adults to support them as they learn new things to reach (zpd). According to vygotskys theory children can do more with the help and guidance of an adult than they can do themselves. In conclusion vygotskys theory of cognitive development states that interactions with other people are essential for maximum cognitive development to occur.1.6 Analyse precious stone basketball hoops and discuss importance of child development.Michelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 12 jewel baskets an idea originally created by Elinor Goldschmeid. A treasure basket is a shallow sturdy basket containing a selection of everyday items, none of which are plastic. Most of the objects are in everyday use by adults and are made of natural materials. The item in the basket vary in weight, size and texture, colour, taste temperature and sound and all the items are chosen to stimulate one or more of 5 senses. Children explore the treasure basket using their senses to discover what an object is, what it is like and perhaps what it does when shaken or manipulated. Children learn by exploration and experience a treasure basket brings many items within reach that a child may not have had the opportunity to handle. A child can feel items with their hands, feet, fingers and mouth, by having this opportunity a child discovers weight, texture and size. Does it have a smell? Can you taste it? Wave it does it make a noise? Drop it and what happens? Can I put it interior another object? Can I join 2 items together? What happens when I bang one item against the other? Elinor Goldschmeid spent time observing children and their parents she looked at how children gain knowledge of the world around them and how parents often give children objects to exp lore. For example, if when out, a child or baby gets upset, we often give them something to play with that is to hand a makes a noise or can be fiddled with, such as a bunch of keys. When we are busy in the kitchen a child sitting on a floor will often reach for the spoon we have dropped or the pots and pans in the cupboard. These observations led Elinor goldschmeid to the development of the treasure basket as a way of helping children to learn, exploreMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 13And have fun. Treasure basket ideas were originally designed for babies who were sitting but not yet on the move. The basket is a good exploratory resource for babies and children who are not yet independently mobile babies given safe, Stimulating and supportive opportunities will use their senses to learn about objects they encounter. In doing so they will enter into a world of discovery puzzlement, social encounter and communication. As babies suck, grasp, touch and feel objects they rehears e behaviours which foster their earliest learning (Goldschmeid E 1989). The reason they dont use plastic in the treasure baskets is that many objects made of plastic are similar in many ways , they are often all smooth, have no smell and no taste. In our manufactured world adults and babies use plastic objects every day and a child gains experience of these objects through handling bottles, cups, toys and rattles. By offering a only range of objects which are not plastic we increase the opportunities for a child to explore and learn. The items contained in the baskets fall fewer than six headings.Natural objects e.g. pumice stone, a lemon and a natural loofahNatural materials e.g. little basket, wooden nail brush and a paint brush.Wooden objects e.g. curtain rings, clothes pegs and clod cupsMetal objects e.g. spoons, bunch of keys, and bunch of bells.Leather, rubber, textiles e.g. leather purse, bath plug and chain, ribbon and lace.Paper/cardboard greaseproof paper, boxes, tubes. More objects that can be put in the basket are objects that rattle, objects that fit inside one another, such as boxes and pegs or graded measuring spoons,Michelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 14building and demolition articles which fit together and take apart, such a wooden blocks, zipped leather purse, a box with a lid, also objects to follow such as wooden eggs, balls and tubes that roll. When choosing a treasure basket there are plenty of points to consider, such as the safety of the basket, you need to make sure that you choose a basket which is strong and durable, without jagged edges and the objects should be washable, disposable and replaceable. For example pieces of fabric. Each object should be clean and safe, always check the basket regularly and be watchful of painted and varnished items, check they are non-toxic and if any doubts do not include them. you may also need to maximise play opportunities you need to aim for a variety of textures ,weight and colour and also be wary of including soft toys as their information and interest value can be check . Also needed to be considered is where to place the basket in relation to the child. For example would the child find it easier to reach in front or at the side? The child needs to be determined how he interacts with the basket. Do you need to offer more objects for him to explore. How can you make it more interesting? Is there an object the child doesnt like? Children all develop at different rates with regard to exploration be aware of the stage the child is at. Treasure basket ideas can also be adapted for children who are not sitting. Items can be put in a be active box or a little room or suspended from a play gym. The little room is an idea developed by Lilli Neilson for children with sensory difficulties. You can make a little room from a cardboard box, place the box down on its side with the child lied just inside the opening, line the sides with textured materials and suspend objects fro m the ceiling so that they hang down within the childs reach.1. 7 Explain what is meant by holistic developmentMichelle howorthNC39964Assignment 1Page 15Holistic development is when all areas of development e.g social, emotional, physical and intellectual and communication development, work as a whole to develop the childs general development. Holistic development sees the child as a whole person thats why its important when you incur a childs development so you can observe it as a whole so you can see what progress is being made (or not being made). A good example of this is to observe a child playing hopscotch as this uses all areas of development combined together. Children must be able to understand to take their turn and must carry off with their feelings if they do not win. This is personal, social and emotional development. The child must also be able to understand what is happening and understand the rules of the game and be able to count, this is cognitive development. T he child must be able to throw a stone, have strength in their legs to support their weight and also be able to balance and have sufficient coordination, this is physical development and finally the child needs to be able to say numbers out loud, arrange turns and be able to chat whilst waiting for their turn, this is communication and language development. If a child lacks in one of these areas of development he may struggle to play hopscotch, so observing the child as a whole can help practitioners or parents give the child support in the areas he lacks ability.

Marquex, one of these days Essay -- essays research papers

Research PaperMarquez, One of These DaysGabriel Garica Marquez wrote One of These Days directly about the relationship between nerve centre class and politicians. Marquez wrote this short story to try to tell his readers the reality of power and revenge among people. One of These Days would inspire those who are interested to learn much about politicians and how they handle their power, whether they take advantage of their power or not. The story relates to disadvantages and advantages between middle class and politicians. In the story One of These Days, Marquez begins with a poor town tooth doctor who is polishing false teeth when the mayor calls him threatening to shoot him if he does not fix his sore tooth. The mayor had been injury from a five day severely sore tooth ache. So, the mayor finally wins by getting the dental practitioner to fix his tooth. The Mayor arrives to the dentists potency with his left cheek clean-shaved and a five day old beard on the other cheek wit h a swollen tooth. The dentist examines the mayors tooth without anesthesia and makes the mayor suffer even more. The dentist had made the mayor suffer for almost a week and suffer even more when he examines him without anesthesia. The dentist finally got his revenge by making the mayor suffer.The dentist states his reason for making the mayor suffer by saying, Now you will represent for our twenty dead men. The mayor got up after the dentist removed his tooth and failed to understand his torture of the five previous nights and the examination without anesthesia from the dentist. The mayor told the dentist to send the bill, and the dentist asked to you or to the town? The mayor told the dentist, Its the same damn thing. In the end of the story, the mayor wins by using his political power. The mayor refers him and the town as the same thing that his power extends beyond himself. The mayor sees no wrong in what he has done to the past to the dentist or what the dentist is trying to t ell him. The mayor only sees himself as winning as the better man in the end. The title One of These Days refers to the dentist learning something new about his own power. The dentist tells himself that hurting the mayor will affirm his own power for revenge or political resistance. His trea... ...s about war and soldiers. His grandfather, the Colonel, had pounded Civil war stories onto Gabriels mind when he was a little boy. His grandparents was such an great influence Gabriels success. One of these Days is a battle between forces and power. Its good for readers to understand the disadvantages and advantages of political power used today in the United States. Work CitedCollected StoriesVolume 124 pp. 68(1) secure Time Inc. 1984. Reviewed by Paul Gray.The New Yorker Volume 61 Issue 13 pp. 118-125 reviewed by John Updike. Latin American Writers George R. McMurray Volume 3 pp 1329-1346 copyright 1989 Charles Scribners Sons The Scribner Writers SeriesContemporary Literary Criticism Gale Literature Resource Database Dictionary of Literary Biography Volume 113 Modern Latin American lying Writers, First Series. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edit by Williams Luis, Vanderbilt University. The Gale Group, 1992 pp. 168-182. The Modern World Gabriel Garica Marquez Homepage. The Bedford Introduction to Literature Michael Meyer

Haiti :: essays research papers

The Caribbean Islands are one of the most traveled to place in the world. One of these islands in the Caribbean sea is the island of Hispano, which is both the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. This country has a recorded history of about 552 years. They also throw off special culture. The general facts, past history, and culture all military force the ways of this country.The country of Haiti is set in the Caribbean Sea, which is just south of the Gulf of Mexico. The Caribbean Sea is home to a lot of the worlds island. The capital is Port-au-Prince, which is located in the middle of the country right next to Golfe de la Gonave. The whole county is about 10,700 square miles. It contains an estimated 6,867,995 people, this is about 642 people per square mile. This is actually quite hidden considering that the United States has about 76 people per square mile.The country of Haiti culture is very much like the french. In fact Haiti is the only Latin the Statesn count ry where the culture is French. The first language is French, but another common language that is spoken there is Creole. Many of the people speak Creole because the French settlers introduced it. Creole is a mix of French and the native language that was spoken on the island. Ninety-five percent of the people of Haiti come from an African decent. The religion consists of cardinal percent Roman Catholic, sixteen percent Protestant, and ninety five percent Voodoo.Between the years of 1492 to the present day a lot of historical events have occurred. The first time the country of Haiti fell under European curb was when Christopher Columbus first set foot on it putting it under the rule of the Spanish. consequently after, many revolts, in 1804 Haiti successfully became an independent country by passing a law stating its freedom. It was very much like when the United States of America declared its independence from Great Britain with the Declaration of Independence. From 1915-1934 US Marines occupied the country. This resulted in the population to go up which also made the country more dense. In 1949 the democratic rule was turned into a dictatorship. Then in 1991 there was the first elected chief brought into office. His name was Jean-Bertrand Aristide he won 67% of the votes. Then his close friend and former Prime Minister Ren Preval succeeded him in 1995.

Mans Eternal Search for Affection Explored in The Hunchback of Notre D

Victor Hugo penned a fantastic, picturesque story of passion and the man tonus in The Hunchback of Notre Dame. The dramatic emotions of the characters play out on the stage of fifteenth century Paris, France. Quasimodo, a repugnant physical defect of nature, lived severed from human contact, excepting that of the solemnly aloof priest, Claude Frollo. For his part, Frollo strove for knowledge until he encountered the captivatingly gorgeous gypsy dancer, Esmeralda. She existed solely to adore an arrogant captain of the Kings Archers, named Phoebus de Chateaupers, for saving her from being kidnapped. Enticed by Esmeraldas leaping to the depths of his being, Frollo outwardly denounced her as a sacrilegious sorceress, but his body raged for her out of lust, accounting for his repeated attempts at having her prohibited from dancing near the cathedral, or stolen away. Esmeralda, furiously in love with Phoebus, nearly sacrificed her virtue to gain his heart, before Frollo gravely wounded him. Tortured into confessing witchcraft and condemned to die by a court with perform officials, the gypsy enchantress obtained sanctuary in Notre Dame cathedral, rescued from the hangmans noose by Quasimodo. At this point, Frollo attempted to claim Esmeraldas merciful and virtuous heartfelt leniency for his passion, failing miserably because his efforts appeared feeble and lascivious. Frollo and Esmeralda perished, however, after a storming of the cathedral and gruesome battle, dying sacrifices on the altar of human emotion.How emotion may exist in a studious and solemn man, having only acquired knowledge of books for a score of years, seems impossible. But desire for Esmeralda arrived after Frollo had discovered that a man needs middle ... ...her temptation had accomplished this therefore her cruel effect must have been fate. As she awaited death, one character noticed the incidence of destiny when she remarked that idol has it all written down in His book (182). One aspect o f Victor Hugos work, his revelations of themes, philosophies, and morals through humorous characters, seems reminiscent of Sir Walter Scotts usage of a comparable pretext. done the philosopher/poet, Gringoire, Hugo presents a moral that the temptations of the flesh are pernicious and malignant (276). Certainly there exists some truth to this supposition on a central idea of the novel, the exasperation stirred by mortal sensitivity, that during mans eternal search for affection--even when he possesses it, he still craves more.WORKS CITED Hugo, Victor. Notre Dame de Paris. Paris, France. (publisher unknown). 1831.

Talking Back to Civilization Essay -- Frederick E. Hoxie American Indi

Talking Back to Civilization Talking Back to Civilization , modify by Frederick E. Hoxie, is a compilation of excerpts from speeches, articles, and texts written by various American Indian authors and scholars from the 1890s to the 1920s. As a whole, the pieces provide a rough good word of the American Indian during a period when conflict over land and resources, cultural stereotypes, and national policies caused tensions between Native American Indians and Euro-American reformers. This paper will get down to sum up the plight of the American Indian during this period in American history. American Indians shaped their critique of modern America through their photo to and experience with civilized, non-Indian American lot. Because these Euro-Americans considered traditional Indian lifestyle savage, they sought to assimilate the Indians into their civilized culture. With the increase in industrialization, transportation systems, and the desire for valuable re sources (such as coal, gold, etc.) on Indian-occupied land, modern Americans had an excuse for the advancement of the human race (9). Euro-Americans moved Indians onto reservations, controlled their education and practice of religion, depleted their land, and erased many of their freedoms. The national result of this conquest of Indian communities was a steady decrease of Indian populations and drastic increase in non-Indian populations during the nineteenth century (9). It is natural that many American Indians felt fearful that their culture and people were slowly vanishing. Modern America to American Indians meant the destruction of their cultural pride and demise of their way of life. American Indians associated many t... ... the advancement of the Indian race in a Euro-American-dominated society. These endeavors bring us back to the meaning of the title, Talking Back to Civilization . The fundamental of American government that was the greatest aid to th e American Indians in their plight was their freedom of speech without it, it is questionable whether American Indians would have been so progressive in finding justice. Convicting and compelling, words can be a potent asset. In a way, words and voice were used to preserve the American Indians distinctive identity they were used as a weapon to hold on to whatever culture they had left. Words also documented the American Indian plight so people in the future (like us) could understand how distinctive they very were. Works CitedHoxie, Frederick E., ed. Talking Back to Civilization . Boston Bedford, 2001.