Ways To Land Your Dream Job

Ways To Land Your Dream Jobdecision your starting signal origin taboo of college is an exciting and sometimes intimidating process. On the hotshot hand, your future depends on it As you grow your requisites and wishs grow withal, which govern pressure on you to date that correct mull. On the other hand, todays universe of discourse is much distinct from that of your p bents generation. Its difficult to find a cracking note in this competitive age.However, that certainly doesnt mean at that place are less jobs available. There are trillions of job opportunities out there and you cognize that there are some in which no ones CV fits better than yours scarce the only problem is that you dont kip down how to find that perfect job for yourself. purpose it chiffonier be downright impossible at times. Lets see how we flock find that dream job.Know what youre looking for.If you havent yet identified your job target, what are you waiting for? Now is the time to do so sti ll majoring or educating yourself in a particular subject does not fall what job you are going to do in the future. A major in social sciences nooky end up doing totally different jobs, say for example snip in an NGO, or teach at a school Similarly a business manager can hatch with totally opposite operations too. So it is vital to know what are you looking for? What is it that you actually necessitate to do?ResearchFinding your ideal job takes effort. Its not enough to simply post your resume, job application, and cover letter to one company and wait for the employer to previse you up. If you want to find the ruff job, you need to engage all your resources. Research the types of companies you want to work for and find out as much about them as possible. With internet at our disposal, research is not a big deal however, dont limit yourself to searching on the net. Look in the local newspapers too and highlight the seemingly good companies and try them out too.Look up for a j ob on daily basis.There faculty be days when youll find nothing in the newspaper, only when dont stop checking out the newspaper. You never know the day you miss to check it out, you loose on a great job. Also, if you are the first to apply, chances are the company might end up hiring you because sometimes companies are in dire need of employees and want to hire someone immediately.Use your contactsIts okay to use your contacts to find a job. Whats wrong is that you use them unfairly If your uncle works at a company, you can ask him to find if there is any vacancy and if the work is interesting. Finding work through contacts is relatively good because friends, relatives and acquaintances pass on likely always recommend something good So why not go for itAlways be aware of job up to(p)ings.You can register at different websites to get emails and newsletters that will inform you first which jobs are open and what are the vacancies. There are numerous websites that you can subscri be to for loosen and they will send you an alert every time there is a vacancy.You wont always hit the jackpotDont expect a call from everywhere you apply. Thats just wrong and doesnt happen usually Also, if you get a call from a well reputed company chances are that they appoint you at a small position, dont get disheartened Work hard and you will get promoted very soon. Always remember that an entry is very crucial and is the first step towards your ultimate goal.Choose carefullyWhile its tempting to accept the first offer you receive, consider it carefully. You dont want to be stuck in a job you hate. If possible, stay in your first job for at least a couple of years to demonstrate your dependability and to get to useful skills. Whether you move up in the company or throw is up to you and your options however, the first job is very important in your perfect career.When you get the job.Once you have the job, first congratulate yourself Then, do the best work you can. When don e well, your first job can be the founding upon which you build a successful and enjoyable career.Once you get the job, its as difficult to sustain it. Finding the job is only half of the equivalence of the sum For most positions there is a lot of competition. You have to brave out out So, heres how to do thatBe streamlinedAlways be efficient at work, for that consume coffee, sleep early at night or do whatever that makes you feel awake Its easy to sleep during lectures but if you boss catches you sleeping in your cabin, then you are dead see to be helpful towards coworkers and dont indulge in constituent politics. I know girls shift help hearing and be a part of office gossip, but that might get you in trouble so dont do it If someone starts a conversation that sounds like gossip, dont say anything Just listen, gesture and forget itCommunication skills.Improve your communication skills because every job requires that exhaustively communication skills are a great plus poin t and you can afford to lack that. Work on them and make sure you are polite yet convincing with coworkers at the workplace.Dress well.Always habit masterly at work. No one wants to see your sense of contrive over there, your professional skills are more important They will be noticed so work on them. Its important to order tally to the environment of your workplace, if people at your office dress casually, you can dress casually too. However, dont dress casually if everyones formal Its not a good idea to look uniqueBelieve in your strengths.Rather than let loose over your weaknesses, try to believe in your strengths and overcome your weaknesses. Also, dont make your weaknesses heavy(a) instead hide them from the employer especially. Try to adopt a behavior by which you can show your strengths to the world.ConfidenceConfidence is the key element in achieving anything, be it a job or anything. So, have confidence in yourself Every company wants to hire an employee who is confi dent. Working as a professional is very different than studying. During college and school you can hide behind your friends or classmates and not face the teacher to answer, but at work you cant hide from the boss The only way to solve this problem is being confident and facing challengesStill reading? What for? Go and search for the perfect job, with these tips no one can stop you from getting it Good flock

Research Methodology for Online Shopping Project

Research Methodology for Online memory board ramble1. INTRODUCTION RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe collide with to it had two get wind questions to focus on and this acted as a guide to the look design and methodology. The two flow upon look questions in my depict wereWhat be the get word consumer motives for online shop and how be these imp playing the assembleerment of the online steer? This question is foc aimd on the unwrap drivers acting as make for consumers to pursue online shop, and how these drivers were affecting the online distri neverthelession channel as an alternative channel for qualification purchases.What be the rising courses for online shop, and how pull up stakes the online obtain channel develop? As online shop stops to incr console, both organisations and consumers be expected to be better-placed with having a good accord of where online shop styluss seem to be directed at.1.1 Consumer motivationsThe project sought to conceive the consumer motivations for choosing online shop as an alternative channel or, for whatever consumers, their main channel for shop particular items. This part of the project was ground on determining what consumers turn e trulyplace kingdomd as their secern motivation actors through secondary search. This was livinged by immemorial research by surveying and interviewing consumers on their motivational cyphers. The objective was to list verboten the primaeval motivational factors consumers name for online obtain.1.2 uphill ignores for online obtainIn attachment to understanding consumer motivation, this project similarly sought, as an objective, to understand the emerging trends in online shop, and ca recitation a viewpoint on where the online channel was expected to move to. equal for consumer motivations, this part of the project was base on a combination of primary and secondary research.1.3 Foundation for research projectthither was a satisfying giveation f or pursuing this project as it aimed to impart a great understanding of the consumer and the motivations behind online shop. As the importance of the online channel becomes more and more great for organisations, there is great need for determining the consumers key drivers in choosing this as an alternative channel for obtain. The project results impact both consumers and organisations. For consumers, this gave them a locale for stating their preferences and key requirements to breed utilize the online channel which could lead to improvements on the online shop hold out. For organisations, this project countenanced an understanding of the current situation and also the emerging trends based on competitive dynamics, in revision to be equal to provide the consumers their requirements.This project was also distinguished for me as the student as it gave me an probability to develop the knowledge and pursue the abstract of a critical wariness unloose which was becoming a greater valuate add channel for a large number of organisations. The project, I believe, has led to new insights and a confirmation of consumers key motivations to online shop. I believe this contributes to the growing knowledge on the online shop stupefy of consumers.2. LITERATURE REVIEWIn this section, research workings relating to consumer motivations for online shop and related supplys are critically evaluated. This research project was move with a qualitative research forward motion as the focus was on consumer motivations, which, sequence it could have been developed with quantitative metrics, seemed to translate better into a qualitative focus. The objective was more focus on going in greater depth across the key consumer motivations instead of tallying figures in term of which factors consumers felt were their key motivations. The qualitative aspect of the research project was move through surveys and in-depth questionnaires.The primary data collected through the surveys and in-depth interviews were loftyly indwelling as these were the results of consumers opinions and viewpoints. In this instance, it seemed best to pursue a rational approach to analysing the data results and the resulting interpretation. The interpretation of the research results was critical in this research project as there were no specific correct answers macrocosm pursued instead the collective view point and key motivating factors were being identified. Overall, the approach pursued for this research project was an interpretive qualitative research approached which seemed to fit best the requirements of the project.2.1 OverviewEven at the end of the last century, online obtain was already starting to catch peoples attention, and was slowly attracting consumers to use it as a channel, primarily because of its ease in completing purchases (i.e. non needing to step out of the root) and also in providing information as, even thus, about settles already provi ded leng becauseed information (Gay 1999, Gehrt et al 2007). But we are well into the premiere decade of the 21st century, and since then times have changed and certainly, consumers motivations, as evidenced in this publications review and the results of the research project, have changed.The use of the online channel for shopping varies greatly by country with the UK and the US ranking high up in the list with great ratio of online shoppers among net users, in addition to also having a large penetration of users for Internet entrance (Bhatti 2006). In the UK, Internet access among households has increased from 34% in 2000 to 54% in 2004, opus Internet access for adults increased from 40% in 2000 to 64% in 2005 (Datamonitor 2006).2.2 Consumer motivationsIn a research on consumer motivations for online sell shopping conducted a few years ago, some of the consumer motivations cited were invade in use of a new technology, ease of navigation and use, and restroom of online sh opping (Childers et al 2001). While the research menti unmatchabled looked at consumer motivations, the research was besides a subset of what could be learned from consumer behaviour as the study focus on solitary(prenominal) a few potential factors of online shopping activity. Also, the research is dated considering the advancements in technology everywhere the past few years and the changes that have occurred in the online channel and the resulting consumer experience. A key thing to note was that the authors spotlighted then the expectations that online retail shopping would continue to increase as consumers found greater reasons for shopping online.Linked to the increase of online shopping is the increase in access and exercise of the Internet. For lesson, Rodgers and Sheldon (2002) researched the increase use of the Internet and highlighted shopping as whizz of the key motivations for increased consumer use. In this instance, shopping was focused on as one of the factor s resulting in the increased use of the Internet. In this work, the authors looked at shopping as a consumer motivation for increased consumer use but their work is interest as the other factors they considered as increasing Internet use come into play, emfly, in increased motivation for online shopping. These include researching, communicating, and even Internet surfing.patronage the seemingly increasing harvest of online shopping and also the increased interest in consumer motivations for online shopping, there has relatively not been a good deal research in this area. This thought is supported as well by the research of Zhang et al (2007) which stated as a premise the online shopping environment s still representing a comparatively new, and largely unexplored, merchandise channel. The premise of Zhang is high- cart as it exposes a large gap in the understanding of consumers motivations for online shopping. However, the research does have a major limitation in that the resea rch focused only on college students as its answerents. The research was also very focused on impulse purchasing behaviours, and not consumer motivations for online shopping, as its key issue for analysis.Before going in detail in some of the consumer motivations discussed in research deeds, it should be noted that there has been considerable growth in Internet access and usage, and this has created a signifi toleratet market in marketing and communications of organisations (Ko et al 2005, Tamimi et al 2005, Dadzie et al 2005). Online shopping has been growing and organisations have been foc development more on developing the online channel to capture a greater share of the wallet of the consumer.Online shoppingInternet is the worlds largest network with high technology and greater controls, every day the standard of the internet is modify. In the past decades people and sales persons used to follow traditional methods for shopping and promotion of the credit line. Banks and th ousands of businesses are using computers to share the data online and for transferring the funds using online banking. Internet is very flexible to view the information all over the world and for comparison of harvest-time prices from one to one organisation.A graduation step to understanding the growth happening in online shopping is to understand whats included in the term online shopping. It is commonplacely accepted that it encompasses either harvest or service that is very offered online, and hence does not relate only to the typical retail harvest-tide that people buy but nooky also mean services that quarter be purchased online. A rather broad definition is given up by Hult et al (2007) wherein online shopping potbelly relate to some(prenominal) pass of service forest, product quality, or e-Business quality where the objective is the customer-based value creation for organisations. Based on this definition, we can see that the number of online shoppers has inde ed increased evidentiaryly, at least in the UK, with the circumstances of UK Internet users shopping online (including ordering tickets of purchasing goods and services) grew from 36% in 2000 to 61% in 2005 (Datamonitor 2006).For this research project, the broad definition is reasonable as the key focus of the research is in understanding consumer motivations for online shopping in general, with no specific product or service in mind. Undoubtedly, there are a large number of ways in which to cut the issue and there would be differences in the consumer motivations for specific products in specific markets, for instance.The works cited in this section provided a good starting point in the consumer motivations to be considered. The research works also provided an indication of the increasing use of the Internet and online shopping as an activity. From the limitations cited in the research works, further research needs to be conducted on a general understanding of consumer motivati ons which are not limited to a few factors. The rest of this section discusses some motivating factors cited by consumers as driving their online shopping activity.24-hour access iodine key factor mentioned as a motivation by consumers is the 24-hour access provided or allowed by around online shopping bring. Thus, the online channel is apply by consumers as it provides them with 24-hour access for information, customer service, and purchase opportunity (Bramall et al 2004). This fundamentally gives the consumer the opportunity to browse products and purchase at the consumers own leisure. While the research of the authors states this factor as a motivation, the focus of the research work was actually on potential swan issues in online shopping. This specific motivating factor was not analysed in comparison to other motivating factors for consumers.Shopping thingamajigOne oft-mentioned reason, and an early consumer motivating factor, for shopping online is the gismo of doing s o as consumers wont need to go to the retail stores and experience the hassle of buying products in the stores (NBC News 2007). Another article does not only highlight the doodad of shopping online but also states that shopping only also helps decision-making as a large part of the information requirements a consumer may need to make the decision are found online (Furnham 2007). Clearly, shopping convenience is expected to rank high among the consumers in terms of their motivations for pursuing online shopping. thingamabob can take many forms and includes all-hours access (i.e. the 24-hour access mentioned previous to this can be considered a subset of this motivating factor), own time and no pressure for decision-making, no requirement to dress up and go to the retail stores, and long available information, largely on demand, to support the product or service.Shopping convenience is a large factor for the US and UK consumers but this is not limited to the US or the UK markets only as even in Japan, online shopping has seen increasing growth rates, with shopping convenience as the greatest factor motivating consumers to do online shopping (Gehrt et al 2007).Another example where convenience plays a part in online shopping is in the patch as a large number of component parts are perceive their office employees turn to online shopping during their breaks or in between work in the office to do their shopping which, in some ways, actually results in more productive employees as they dont need to go to the retail stores for their shopping (Spillman 2006).As mentioned, online shopping allows unrestricted information search unthe likes of in retail stores where comparisons are constrained largely by time and availableness of sales staff to provide information (Chiang 2005). Thus, consumers tend to pursue online shopping if their information requirements are large and can be met online, or if consumers would like to make comparisons between products and servic es, and across a number of stores.The shopping convenience factor has been recognised across a number of research works, but these only tend to highlight that consumers have different meanings attached to the terminology, and may actually be referring to different sub-factors under the general term of convenience. In understanding this factor further, specific meanings were attached to and discussed in the surveys and interviews for the research.Greater bargainsAn increasingly cited motivating factor in online shopping is the existence of greater bargains for products and services. Consumers are increasingly interested in shopping online due to the greater bargains found in the Internet as organisations pass on savings resulting from using the online channel for sales (NBC News 2007, Lii Lee 2005). This poses a altercate for organisations though as some may not have amply understood the online channel business form, and may already be providing greater discounts to their products and services through online purchases of consumers.Another challenge for organisations is that consumers are expected to continue increasing their online purchases but only if they receive greater bargains from sellers in their online sites versus their retail stores (Craver 2006). Thus, consumers are already building the expectations that prices online leave be less that prices in retail stores. This means that part of the value for organisations in establishing their online channels has already been transferred to consumers who are expecting more competitive prices online.If only to hammer the point of increasing consumer expectations, two factors mentioned by consumers in their increased interest in doing online shopping were free shipping of their products purchased and also everyday low pricing in particular relative to the retail stores of the sellers (Hajewski 2006).The key limitation in the citations for greater bargains is that these are from press articles and the appro aches were not based on proper research conducted to get word the consumer motivations for online shopping. Nevertheless, this should still be accepted as a consumer motivation as this has been mentioned to be a factor based on the articles cited.Overall online shopping site experienceThis final factor discussed touches on the boilers suit online shopping site experience which, in a way, relates to the overall customer experience in online shopping. This factor is quite specific to online shopping sites which consumers may catch but this nevertheless provides a motivation for some specific consumers and it relates to the overall online shopping site experience and having a positive satisfaction to the experience (Elliott Speck 2005). Specifically, the authors argued that the following factors impacted on the consumer motivation to complete their online shopping transactions ease of use of online shopping site, product information available, trust in the brand and the online sho pping site, customer support, and entertainment experienced while in the site.The focus of the research conducted by the authors was not on online shopping specifically but rather on the attitude towards retail nett sites but using the online shopping experience as an example, with an analysis of the resulting impact on the consumers. Similar to some of the other published research cited in this section, the key limitation is the set of respondents considered for the research which, in this case, consisted of undergraduate marketing students. The results are interesting and provide a good preview of what the results could be if the research is expanded to capture a greater sample of the population.2.3 Emerging trends for online shoppingIn reviewing the related literature touching on online shopping and also consumer motivations, a number of emerging trends were clearly seen. These include the followingIncreased efforts in improving online certificate measurePotential for an expand ed product range and ancillary businessesUsability of an online site as an increasing discriminator guidance of Internet product returns progressively demanding consumersincrease opportunity for organisations to develop consumer relationshipsIncreasingly older marketGreater share of ad market separately of these trends is discussed in greater detail in this section.Increased efforts in improving online shelterAcross most metrics, online shopping has shown strong growth and barely the belief is that online shopping growth rates could actually be much higher(prenominal) if not for security-related concerns by some consumers (Bramall et al 2004, Arnold et al 2007, OConnell 2005, Cullen 2005). Increasing trust in e-retailing was one of the factors cited that could significantly drive much greater online shopping activity. Organisations are thus investing in ensuring greater security for their online shopping sites. Consumer newspapers.org even lately developed a tool to provide consu mers with a safe and enjoyable online shopping experience (Ascribe News 2005).There are two trends to be noted in relation to the security concerns of consumers. The first, as mentioned, is that there are greater efforts placed by organisations in improving online security as breaches to their security could have considerable consequences. Online security is the ability to protect the information of the customers from unauthorised access and destruction. Most of the online business websites using the technologies to doctor their online transactions which gains more customers faith and trust to shop online. The use of firewalls, data encryption/ decryption techniques, estimable socket layer (SSL), digital certificates, electronic signatures is making online transactions secure. Many governments over the world enforced regulations and law to support the people who want to make transactions online. The European Union adopted the directive on data protection in 1998, which limits any dissemination of personal data. Security and privacy are the most important factors in peoples decisions to purchase online, so the sophisticated technology to secure online transactions is the main factor of customers motivations to shop online.The second trend is that a complementary approach to improving reputation for managing online security risks is par criterion. In support of this, where there are great concerns for risk, it has been established that utilising expert endorsers, as contrasted to celebrity endorsers or even non-celebrity non-expert endorsers, can actually help in bringing consumers over their risk concerns (Biswas et al 2006).Potential for an expanded product range and ancillary businessesAnother trend is that organisations are increasingly seeing potential for an expanded product range and ancillary businesses. For example, in recent months, Kohls, a US department store chain, has offered products online which were not normally found in their department sto res and these included higher-priced items such as leather chairs, high-end home entertainment centres, and flat screen televisions (Hajewski 2007).This trend is not without its implications for organisation. In the Kohls example, one problem with the expanded product range as done by Kohls was that Kohls did not offer everything they had online in their retail stores. This is a concern as some consumers utilise the online site for their window shopping originally move to the retail stores to try on and purchase the items (Dodes 2006). The article states that more than 80% of online shoppers research products online first before sometimes going to the stores to see the products firsthand. minded(p) that not all products are available in the stores, it would be circumspect for online sites to be clear about which products are available in the stores and which products are not.In terms of ancillary businesses, the increase in online usage and online shopping has even spawned relat ed business such as businesses which monitor trade into organisations websites with the objective of increasing an organisations online sales (Newman 2007). Another ancillary business opportunity is from online shopping sites is as a social shopping space, such as Jellyfish.com which was recently acquired by Microsoft as it precept the growing opportunity in the business (Gallagher 2007). However, these new business are still untested as these are fairly new and would need some time before potentially growing into profitable businesses. As online shopping continues to grow, organisations forget continue to seek out other opportunities that could help build the rationale for investments in establishing a highly competitive online shopping site.Usability of online site is an increasing differentiatorWhile the extent of technological readiness of the consumer plays a part in determining the level of comfort in navigating through an online shopping site, the general usability of an o nline shopping site is an increasing differentiator and distinguishes between the different sites that consumers will utilise in online shopping (Massey et al 2007). There is a significant effect of the online marketing or advertisements on the customers to shop online and this pushing specialty of marketing makes the people to shop online. The online marketing websites are designed with the forwardness of keyword search which brings more flexibility to online customers. Online stores are offering with much amount of choices and more information than atmosphere, so pure play sites attracting people with higher interactivity. The goal with these sites is to have it easily navigated through by consumers such that any potential barriers to keep consumers from purchasing products and services are in effect interpreted out of the equation. Online promotions are very important to investigate the future trends of the online shopping. guest relationship management is the most important f unction in any organization to promote their marketing strategies and to maintain good customer relationship. It is very important to consider the attitudes, behaviour and experiences of the customers to make the online promotions.An example of an initiative locomote into the direction of overall ease of usability is the recent transaction involving Abazias.com and Google wherein Abzias.com partnered with Google for their shopping arrest process which is considered fast and very convenient (M2 Presswire 2007). The challenge for organisations is to continue making their online shopping sites easier to use. And to support the point, some online shopping sites now provide potential live help from customer service if particular requirements are unavoidable in order to limit the number of lost purchases resulting from consumers abandoning their purchases (Prince 2005). Overall, the design of the website and the ease of use have a large impact on the online shopping sites performance ( Auger 2005).Management of Internet product returnsAnother emerging trend is the establishment of clear guidelines in the management of Internet product returns, which then addresses a key concern or questions by some consumers. Internet product returns has been one of the key factors limiting part of the online shopping growth as the uncertainty surrounding how returns of defective or unwanted products impacted on the overall cost and inconvenience for the consumer. Organisations which are able to state clearly their policies on Internet product returns, and which provide a broadloom process for allowing consumers to make returns for products bought online are at an advantage versus other organisations which have a perception of being difficult to coordinate with in touch on Internet product returns (Mollenkopf et al 2007).Increasingly demanding consumersAs the development of the online shopping channel continues, we are now seeing increasingly demanding consumers. This is shown i n an example using the UK supermarket sector. In this sector, online shopping is still considered a poor offering by the UK supermarkets as none of the top five supermarket chains passed a service test conducted by a consumer affairs staff of a intelligence operationpaper (Prunn 2006). Their failures were from their product offering to the product substitutes provided. The key good news for the UK and supermarkets thought was that the websites were generally easy to use for online shopping. Also, the delivery drivers were helpful and friendly.In contrast, in the US, online shopping offering for the supermarkets is a competitive offering with mingled supermarkets increasingly providing greater online shopping offerings for their consumers including chef-prepared, fresh-food delivery service (Food Institute Report 2006). Thus, the US supermarkets are able to provide the US consumers with their demands from US supermarkets. UK supermarkets will need to focus on improving their offeri ng in order to capture the consumer wallet for shopping deliveries.Finally, an approach to cater to the demanding consumers is to provide channels for consumers to give their reviews, and to act on the comments of consumers which have been seen to provide a good way of increasing the online sites business (Spors 2006).Increasing opportunity for organisations to develop consumer relationshipsThe online shopping channel provides organisations with an additional channel to develop consumer relationships. Organisations which are able to effectively capture value from their online shopping offering are the organisations which are able to collect and analyse data on consumer patterns, interpret customer behaviour, respond with timely and effective customised communications, and deliver product and service value to consumers (Kennedy 2006).The mettlesome is not new to most organisations. The only difference is that there is a new channel to consider for the consumer relationships. In orde r to be competitive, organisations should be able to learn from their interactions with the consumers, and develop the channel into one that consumers will surface value from. With the growth of the online shopping channel, more organisations will invest in ensuring that consumer information is managed properly to be leveraged by the organisation in capturing value from the interactions.Increasingly older marketAt least in the US, the trend is that the older internet users market comprises the fastest-growing demographic group in the US Internet market and are, aside from large and growing, generally financially secure (Iyer Eastman 2006). While a research has not been found to state a similar point for the UK, it is possible that this is the case as well given the increasingly older society with a lower proportion of junior people in the country. What does this mean for the online shopping channel? If this is truly the trend, then the investments that organisations will place in developing their online shopping channels will be geared towards an older generation, from site design to products and services to site technology used.This potential trend has large implications on various organisations that can benefit from this research work. Thus, a greater understanding of the key trends is important in order to allow the organisations to plan and invest properly in their online shopping channels.Greater share of ad marketFinally, another trend worth noting is the increasing share of the ad market by the online channel. With the growth of the online shopping consumer market, the ad share of this channel (the Internet) is expected to grow as well from about 5-8% to up to one-fifth of total ad ciphers over the next three years (Ong 2005). As examples, US auto firms played out 14% of their total advertising work out for online advertising in 2005 while Procter Gamble was planning to shift 5% of its television advertising budget for online advertising and marke ting programs (Datamonitor 2006). The greater share of the ad market by the online channel has implications for organisations across two key points. First is that there needs to be a decision on the amount of the ad budget that will be allotted to the online channel. After deciding on the first point, the second key point is that it is imperative for organisations to understand the business model of the online channel, and that the organisations have a plan in ensuring their investments will eventually grow good returns, if not doing so already.2.4 Framework of AnalysisAs mentioned, this literature review was used for building a preliminary understanding of the key motivations of consumers in online shopping activity and also in determining the emerging trends in the online channel. From the literature review in this section, the following framework of analysis was utilised in the surveys and interviews.Consumer MotivationsThe consumer motivating factors mentioned in the literature review was utilised in both the surveys and interviews to vigorous respondents and to test the factors. The structure of the factors in the for prompt section of the surveys and the interviews followed this listing24-hour access Respondents were asked if this was one of the factors they considered as a key motivation for online shopping.Shopping convenience While this was included as a factor in the for prompt section of the surveys and interviews, greater depth was pursued in understanding what the consumer may consider as shopping convenience in relation to online shopping.Greater bargains This was tested to determine if consumers truly saw this factor as an expectation already, and if not having this factor would impact on their use of the online channel for shopping.Overall online shopping site experience This factor was analysed in the context of the overall consumer experience, and was assessed of the importance versus the other factors mentioned by consumers as their ke y motivating factors for online shopping.Emerging TrendsFor emerging trends, not all the possible trends were included in th

Knowledge Management Knowledge Creation in Organization

companionship Management friendship Creation in OrganizationIn the present age, experience charge (KM) is playing increasingly important role in twain(prenominal) in the public eye(predicate) and private lay outs. However, in that respect are many governances did non realize the greatness of KM. This value asset commode contri merelye close of scholarship organizations in achieving their vexation aims and goals. To compete effectively in this twenty first century, organizations wishing to be aware on the environment changes indoors the organization and they unavoidably to be the one that bring ons cultivation and companionship. In govern to turn over this, both top counsel and financial support staff must be nimble secernate players in creating cognition. Creating intimacy is not the matter of learning from others or obtaining association from outside but intimacy must be create on its own with communication and interaction among people in the orga nization. Moreover, intimacy launching is part of association focussing that is seen as fondness to the supremacyful of organizations where KM tasks involved in capturing the creativity, sharing and utilization of companionship as well as professional that provides with war-ridden edge. This article is critically emphasizes on companionship guidance and fellowship installation with SECI rulel, Ba plan and case study in regard to organizational adaption, survival and competence. describewords noesis, experience management, noesis creation, SECI directionl Ba construct, competitive edge, tacit and definite noesisIntroduction intimacy is now seems to be the significant to organization success where organization able to secure its competitive advantage and competent to achieve sustainable superior performance. As pointed out in Migliarese and Verteramo (2005) article ground on Alvesson (1995), Drucker (1988) Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), Prusak (1997), many authors agreed that this competitive advantage relies on the big headacheman to create brisk cognition, to spread it through with(predicate)out the organization and excessively to put forward that association in products, services and systems. association creation also should be important part in any business strategy as this has agreed by many executives (Migliarese and Verteramo 2005). While organizational capability to create have sexledge is the most important source of organization to sustain its competitive advantage (Junnakar, 1997 Nonaka et al., 2000 Parent et al., 2000). While organizational friendship creation, imply to be understood as a appendage that organizationally increases by singles and drives it as a part of the familiarity communicate of the organization (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Tacit and perspicuous association are another crucial component that involved in the creating of knowledge. Tacit knowledge is important in creating knowledge in organizati on where logically this knowledge is created single by individuals. Nowadays, engineering is crucial element that contributes to the creating of knowledge however, knowledge management is not a engine room. Technology is only a platform that enabled the activities of creation and people is the one who produce the knowledge. experience Management ConceptThere are numerous of knowledge management sentiment has been defined by mingled researchers and practitioners and there is no terminal point to defined it. The concept of knowledge management in todays globalization demesne has brought to widen aspect, where it applies base on the circumstances of trustworthy locate, time as well as shoes. According to Awad and Ghaziri (2001) in their book of noesis Management, viewed the knowledge management concept as a new interdisciplinary business model that has knowledge inside the framework of an organization as its focus. cognition management is not only emphasizes on specific or bital cavity of present but it also covers all aspect of life comprising business, economic, psychology and nurture management. Becerra-Fernandez et al. (2004) sacrifice defined knowledge management as doing what is needed to sign on the most out of knowledge resources. found on Awad and Ghaziri (2001) as depicted from Malhotra (1999) stated that knowledge management provides to the serious issues of organizational adaption, survival and competence in the aspect of progressively discontinuous environmental. Basically, it represents organizational processes that seek interactive combination of data and information processing capacity of information technology and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings.In addition, knowledge management is seen as a repository where the composed of facts and information that can be stored, retrieved and transferred in order to run the business organization effectively. Besides, knowledge management also is more than than getting t he right information to the right individual at the right time. In upon of views by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), people do not only receive new knowledge passively but they interpret the knowledge actively in order to fit with their own line and perspectives. Further, knowledge management attends people to serving and put information in action in order to achieve the organization goals. However, Bodhanya (2008) argued that knowledge management cannot be considered as important for organizational success in the coeval world because this may only be the case under certain conditions. noesis management is really almost the relationships amidst people, process and technology in overlapping parts ( control 1). In order to manage knowledge, organization must first list its people, systems and decisions as well. Even though there are still have yet to agree the definition on knowledge management from researchers and practitioners (Awad and Ghaziri, 2001), all(prenominal) definition o f knowledge management should embarrass the above three important elements as these elements enable the organization to nonplus itself and has positive impact on business processes.KnowledgeK meet 1 Overlapping human, organizational and technological operators of KM tooth root Awad, E.M. Ghaziri, H. M. Knowledge Management. International ed. Upper Saddle River, late Jersey Prentice Hall, 2004Knowledge CreationSabel (1994) as cited by Diego Puga and Daniel Trefler (2002) pointed out that knowledge creation is about shifting products and processes in theoretically ways of unpredictable. While as Soo, Divenney and Midgley (1999) have stated that knowledge creation is broadly cognise to be strategically essential for both organizational learning and innovation. In a divers(prenominal) views, Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) express knowledge creation is fundamentally depends on the mobilization and reincarnation of tacit knowledge. In the other grant, knowledge can be created throug h the process of tacit knowledge transfer as well as the variety of tacit knowledge to denotive knowledge. In addition, Choi and Lee (2002) referred to the views of Bloodgood and Salibury (2001) and Bohn (1994) said that, the continuous process that involves individuals and sort of people within the organization and surrounded by organization share tacit and denotive knowledge is also cognize as knowledge creation. While for Ratcheva (2003) new knowledge creation is collectively constructed and embedded in the organising practices of virtual teams activities.As written by Balestrin, Vargas and Fayard (2008) in their articles that taken from Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), knowledge creation is considered as a process of knowledge conversion. Knowledge conversion is the interaction in the midst of tacit and intelligible knowledge in the innovative of human beings activities where they are not isolated entities but complimentary entities. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) have introduce d a model of knowledge creation known as SECI model that involved socializing, externalization, combination and internalization. SECI process leave be function effectively with the support of right context (Balestrin, Vargas and Fayard 2008) that covers the aspect of time, space and relationship between people in the organization.However, for Awad and Ghaziri (2001), the knowledge creation is colligate to the updated knowledge which is based on the experiences in a certain job area and utilizes the new knowledge in combination with initial knowledge in order to update the knowledge for the purpose of knowledge sharing. In diverse point of views by Lehaney et al. (2004), knowledge creation is a discover factor in competitiveness in a service prudence where the creation of new ideas, new methods to market the existing products, upgraded old products and bell ringer new products are all based on idea.Two Dimensions of Knowledge CreationAccording to Daud et al. (2008), knowledg e creation has two dimensions, which are epistemological and ontological. The epistemological knowledge creation dimension comprises of both tacit and pellucid knowledge. As mentioned in the book of The Knowledge Creating Company by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), tacit knowledge is personal where it is difficult to bollockize and communicate as it essentially in peoples mind much(prenominal) as ideas and thought while explicit knowledge is a knowledge that is transmittable in formal with doctrinal language. However Daud et al. (2008) defined explicit knowledge as a knowledge that is described in symbols such as mathematical formula and statements. The interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge is presented in the Nonaka and Takeuchi SECI model. This model is basically shows the relationship between tacit and explicit knowledge with polar modes of knowledge conversion in order to develop important information and knowledge as for the business purposes.In ontological knowled ge creation dimension, it emphasizes more on the diametrical level of knowledge creating entities which involves individual, group, organization and inter-organization (Daud et al., 2008). The concept of ontological dimension can be portrayed that it is impossible to create knowledge without a people where knowledge only can be created by them. Organization also need to have a clear fellow feeling towards the created knowledge and should constitute it as a part of knowledge vane of the organization.Knowledge Creation and Four Modes of Knowledge ConversionBased on the assumption that knowledge is created through the collaboration between tacit and explicit knowledge made by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), allows them to produce model of SECI modes. These four different modes were presented in the simple square box ( intention 2) and the conversion of knowledge consists of socialization (tacit knowledge to tacit knowledge), externalization (tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge), combin ation (explicit knowledge to explicit knowledge) and internalization (explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge).In socialization modes, knowledge is created through the interaction between people and mental models or knowledge sharing among team members in the organizations such as team meetings and discussion. As stated by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), individual can acquire tacit knowledge without language. While the concept of combination modes refer to the process of socialization where it merges different type of explicit knowledge that is produced by individual. This mode will be take place when individuals exchange and merge knowledge such as through meetings and phone conversation. According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), the reconfiguring of existing information through the sorting, adding, recategorizing and recontextualizing of explicit knowledge can incite in the business of new knowledge.another(prenominal) two modes is the knowledge conversion process of both tacit to exp licit communication also referred to as externalization and internalization modes. Externalization mode is very(prenominal) important in articulating among team through dialogue such as formal meeting and brainstorming. The process helps the team members to articulate the hidden tacit knowledge. This mode is different with internalization mode where it related to learning by doing such as a report and deducing ideas or fetching constructive action.SocializationExternalizationCombinationInternalizationTacit KnowledgeTacit KnowledgeExplicit KnowledgeExplicit KnowledgeFigure 2 Conversion of knowledge between tacit and explicit formsSource Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995)Principally, in order to ensure the SECI process runs effectively, Balestrin et al., (2008) said a proper context is required. This proper context referred to the concept of ba that developed by Nonaka and Konno (1998). The ba concept is originally created by Kitaro Nishida (Nonaka and Konno, 1998) which means multi conte xt place (Kivijarvi, 2008). According to Nonaka, Toyama and Konno (2001, p. 22) ba can be defined as a shared context in which knowledge is shared, created and utilize. Each ba in ba concept supports a particular mode of knowledge conversion in the SECI process (Nonaka and Konno, 1998 Balestrin et al., 2008) as represented in Figure 2. This paper of ba concept will be explained further in the future(a) topic.Knowledge Creation and the Characteristic of the Four Types of BaAccording to Nonaka and Konno (1998), ba concept consists of four types of elements namely originating ba, interacting ba, cyber ba and exercising ba. While, Nonaka et al., (2002) have reason it with different name of ba, there are originating ba, dialoguing ba, systemitizing ba and exercising ba. However, both opinions have similar concept. Each ba supports a particular mode of SECI model (Nonaka and Konno, 1998 Nonaka et al., 2002) and this lead to increase the speed of knowledge creation within the organizati on (Nonaka and Konno, 1998). For hindquarters and Cook (2001), it is very important to understand the characteristics of ba with the relationship of knowledge creation modes (SECI modes) to enhance organizational knowledge. Within a given perspective, this article will be followed the terms created by Nonaka et al. (2002).CUsersIJAPictures2.jpgFigure 3 Types of BaSource Nonaka, Toyama and Konno (2002) taken from Balestrin et al. (2008)Originating ba is the send-off of the process of knowledge creation where it involves socialization mode (SECI model). Originating ba is the office staff where individuals share their feelings, emotions, experiences and mental models. This can be achieved through the face to face interaction such as social gatherings and informal meetings (Trips and visits). Dialoguing ba is the irregular phase of ba concept where it refers to the land site where dialogue is a key to the conversion between people. This ba supports the conversion and articulation o f tacit knowledge into a more external form. This means, individuals share their experiences and abilities, and finally transform it into vulgar terms and concepts. While systematizing ba is the situation where it offers a context that immingle explicit knowledge with the existing knowledge in the organization. For exercising ba, it allows the knowledge that has been socialized, externalized and systematized to be interpreted again or in the other hand it offers a context for the internalization of the knowledge again.Ba concept can be applied in the organization where it will guide an assist organization in analysing valuable basis for knowledge creation. As mentioned by Nonaka and Konnon (1998) awareness of different categories of ba can enable successful support of knowledge creation.Case Studies Knowledge Creation in OrganizationThis class will be presented one case studies about knowledge creation in the organization with the adaption of ba concept.Knowledge creation within the AGIVEST meshingAssociation of Rio Grande do Sul (AGIVEST) is a clothing industry that is located in southern Brazil. Based on the case study do in this small planetary house network, it was found out that majority knowledge is created from the information and knowledge sharing through the interaction between people in the organization. And this knowledge sharing occurs informally between the businessmen. Besides, several spaces in which this factor takes place in the network were identified. It was discovered that the effective process of knowledge creation in the AGIVEST that supported by the different types of ba concept lead to the creation of valuable knowledge assets in order to develop value and competitive differential for the organization. Various types of ba were identified and each type of ba identified works as different situation that promotes an effective platform as to make knowledge creation easier between the network firms.Based on the findings, there are 7 (s even) types of ba have been identified which consist of meetings at firms, assemblies, social gatherings, trips and visits to fairs, courses and lectures, strategic readying and electronic space. All the types of ba have been categorized according to single ba as represented in Figure 4 below.As can be seen in the Figure 4, visits to factories, trips and visits to fairs and social gatherings and informal meetings were group under originating ba. As discussed above originating ba is a platform for individual to socialize with others through face to face interaction which they can share their feelings as well as experiences. In AGIVEST, the visits by businessmen between network industries assist them to identify enhancements of their business in the aspect of production processes, technologies and other production concepts. Through the visits and social gatherings also help them to establish the relationship between industries and increase the trustworthiness among networks. In fac t, AGIVEST businessmen obtained chances to know the other experiences and cooperate together on the trends and challenges as well.CUsersIJAPictures1.jpgFigure 3 Types of Ba in the AGIVESTSource Balestrin et al. (2008)While in dialoguing ba, assist AGIVEST in to develop a good strategy in order to ensure their business stay competitive with others. It also helps in structuring their trounce network strategy planning as it were participated by all network businessmen. Through formal assemblies, they can take an action based on the planning that has been structured at collective decision making process in order to achieve its business goals and objectives.Electronic communication and courses and lectures occur under the systematizing ba. This stage helps the businessmen to share their knowledge that has been received from the preliminary stage of ba. As stated by Henderson and Sussman (1997), computer mediated communication may lead to the development quality knowledge creation throu gh forum, and sharing beliefs, in order to confirming consensual interpretation and allowing view of new ideas. However, limitation on it ensued in AGIVEST due to the systematization resources for knowledge was fragile and deficient, mainly in the aspect of non-existence of use of IT system. Finally, exercising ba was taken place as to produce new management concept and new production process.In short, by applying the ba concept, it helps the AGIVEST in sight the interaction between their networks that lead to the creation of knowledge. From the collected findings, it was discovered that most of the knowledge creation occurred in the AGIVEST was resulted from the informal communication between the businessmen. However, this yard is not actually a definitive theory but it purposes to shape up further research concerning on knowledge creation and small firm network in the academic community.ConclusionAs conclusion, many different types of knowledge can be created within the organiz ation. Basically knowledge creation occurs in the organization is resulted from the interaction between people in the organization, and wherefore this knowledge is captured and share among them for the purpose of business development. According to Ratcheva (2003), the creation of new knowledge is socially embedded in interaction and communication practices. She also said that new knowledge creation processes in virtual compact exist in in the networks of professionals and the interaction and communication forms and rules established amongst team members decide how knowledge is gathered.Every individual in organization need to participate in the process of knowledge creation as this will lead to produce good answer to the presence problem. This method is very useful because by sharing knowledge whether in both formal and informal meetings can develop new management concept as well as better solutions for specific problems as these meetings were participated by various levels of peo ple in the organization. All of them may contribute an idea based on their experiences at different level of job environments. However, according to Roth (2003) it is a challenge for all organizations to enhance effective knowledge creation within and between diverse knowledge areas, as significant in the dusky professional knowledge area as in the cross-functional team area or other communities of practice.In reality, most of the existing study done on knowledge creation is emphasizes on the source and state of knowledge (John and Cook, 2001). Further study on this topic is needed to identify more comprehensive approach towards the creation of organizational knowledge, where the successful process of knowledge creation is resulted from the much cooperation and knowledge sharing between many organizations. Based on John and Cook (2001), research is needed where it must be beyond the source and state of knowledge in order to consider the conditions that enable knowledge creation.BIB LIOGRAPHY MLAAwad, E.M. Ghaziri, H. M. Knowledge Management. International ed. Upper SaddleRiver, New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2004Adamo, Jean-Marc. info archeological site for Association Rules and sequent Patterns Sequentialand Parallel Algorithms. joined States, America Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 2001.An Introduction to Data Mining. January 25, 2010.Data Mining. January 25, 2010. Data Mining Picture. February 10, 2010. Data Mining What is Data Mining? January 25, 2010. conclusiveness tree technique picture. February 10, 2010. Dennis, C., David M. Tony C. Data Mining for Shopping Centers Customer KnowledgeManagement Framework. Journal of Knowledge Management. 5 (4) (2001)368-374.Dunham, Margaret H. Data Mining basic and Advanced Topics. Upper Saddle River,New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc., 2003.Folorunso, O. Ogunde, A.O. Data Mining as a Technique for Knowledge Management inbusiness process redesign. Information Management Computer Security. 13 (4) (2008) 274-280.Genetic Algorithms instrument Picture. February 10, 2009 Inmon, W.H, John A. Z. Jonathan G.G. Data Stores, Data Warehousing and the ZachmanFramework Managing Enterprise Knowledge. linked States, America McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003Lee, S. J. Siau, K. A Review of data mining techniques. 101.1 (2001) 41-46. 25 January2010.Nemati, H.R. Barko, C.D. Key factors for achieving organizational data-mining success.Industrial Management Data Systems. 103 (4) (2003) 282-292.Pendhakar, P. C. Managing Data Mining Technologies in Organizations Techniques andApplications. United States, America Idea Group Publishing, 2003.Wang, J. Data Mining Opportunities and Challenges. United States, America Idea GroupPublishing, 2002.Westpal, C. Balxton, T. Data Mining Solutions Methods and Tolls for Solving Real-WorldProblems. Canada John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1998

The Concept Of Emptiness Philosophy Essay

The Concept Of Emptiness Philosophy EssayNagarjunas philosophy deals with the ideal of toilet table. The idea of dressing table has to do with the self-love of roughlything, but the thing that is creation expound as being empty still equals in some extent (Westerhoff). The emptiness that Nagarjuna talks about deals less with the identity and loading of a thing, and instead deals more with the gist of which something is empty (Westerhoff). This paper depart explain what emptiness is, and will explain how the experiential truth of non-self serves as a paradigmatic phenomena for the Buddhist insight of emptiness.In order to in good order understand the concept of emptiness, i must understand the differences betwixt the meanings of something, or svabhava. To understand what emptiness is, one must understand what something is. There is a distinction between two main concepts of svabhava (Westerhoff). The first is an ontological one that refers to how determinations exist, an d the second is a cognitive one that describes the way that objects argon conceptualized by human beings which will be explained later in this paper. at bottom the ontological distinction in that location are three different understandings of svabhava which deal with affection, substance, and supreme reality (Westerhoff). If svabhava is soundless as an essence, thusly it must be understood as an essential property or characteristic that is necessarily attributed to an object that would otherwise cease to be (Westerhoff). Consider the examples of fire and water. The svabhava or essence of fire is to be hot. If the fire ceases to be hot, then it is no eternal fire. Similarly, the svabhava of water is to be wet, and as such if the water were no long-lasting wet, it would no longer be water. Given this understanding of svabhava, it can then be identified as whatever superior or qualities that exist specific to an object that are immutable from that object, and which allow an obse rver to stigmatize that object from others (Westerhoff). This concept of svabhava as an essence is non what the concept of emptiness deals with. Knowing that this notion of svabhava is not applicable to the notion of emptiness helps to tonality a work outer picture of what emptiness really is once the alternative sketch of svabhava is explored (Westerhoff).In Buddhist philosophical thought at that place is a clear distinction between the ideas of original existents and secondary existents (Westerhoff). The basic, irreducible parts of the origination that are necessarily objective are what are being described as a primary existent. Conversely, a secondary existent is establish on conceptual practices and often deal with language and description (Westerhoff). Within Buddhism, there exists the idea that the lone(prenominal) thing that is actually real is the twinkling in which the intellect conceptualizes a thing, and the aggregates of that conceptualization are ripe const ructs of the discernment (Westerhoff). If one were to adopt this perspective, then some(prenominal)thing that were not a moment of consciousness would have to be a secondary existent, and only those moments of consciousness would be considered a primary existent (Westerhoff). Its this idea of primary existent that describes svabhava. In this view, Svabhava would be any objects, or substances, that are part of the world which actually exist, and are independent of something elseHowever, Nagarjuna argues that there are no such objects or substances. The main target of Nagarjunas view is that the understanding of svabhava as a primary existent or substance is incorrect (Westerhoff). Its the reason why he states that A person should be mentioned as existing only in a designation (i.e., conventionally there is a being), but not in reality (or substance) (Rahula). The alternative view of svabhava then would be the ontological understanding of something, which can be understood as being immutable and independent of another object and not being created by any causative process (Westerhoff). The problem that becomes evident here is that the true temperament of phenomena is emptiness, which is the absence of svabhava as it is understood as substance. However, when svabhava is understood in this way, it is in any case understood to not be brought about by any causal process, and must be unchangeable and independent of other objects (Westerhoff). So it effectively breaks down into the idea that something that has all these properties must exist since there is svabhava which is the true nature of phenomena, but at the same time it must not exist since svabhava understood as substance does not exist. It seems that emptiness only exists as long as svabhava is understood as substance, but emptiness does not depend on any specific phenomenon to exist (Westerhoff). However, there has to be some phenomenon mistakenly conceived for emptiness to exist. Effectively what t his is saying is that there really are only two ways of understanding svabhava , which are understanding svabhava as essence and as substance. What was earlier called svabhava as autocratic reality is only a specific form of svabhava that is understood as essence (Westerhoff). So, referring back to the example given earlier, emptiness is an essential quality of all phenomena just as heat is an essential quality of fire. Things could not be the things they are without being empty.The last thing that must be understood is the cognitive understanding of svabhava. For Nagarjuna, the understanding of existence and non-existence is understood to be the way out of suffering and into moksha, or liberation (Westerhoff). It is not just the gaining a cognitive idea and understanding of reality, it must also make known insight into the way in which people should interact in the world. judgment svabhava as substance leads to suffering because it is the basis for attachment within samsara (Wes terhoff). The cite from Nagarjuna in The Precious Garland helps to paint this picture more understandably So the production and disintegration of the illusion-like world are seen, but the production and disintegration do not ultimately exist. When the view of svabhava as substance is abandoned, then the attachments to samsara and the sufferings that are accompanied by this view are destroyed. However, because svabhava is the view that substance does not exist, then the attachments and sufferings that are destroyed can be realized to never have existed to begin with. The purpose is to distinguish between seeing an absence of svabhava or rather seeing emptiness versus realizing that svabhava exists because of emptiness (Westerhoff). It is intended to change ones perspective of the world entirely, such that they can take chances liberation from samsara, and consequently, from suffering.Westerhoff, Jan Christoph, Ngrjuna, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(ed.), http//plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2010/entries/nagarjuna/Rahula, Walpole, What the Buddha Taught (New York grove Press, 1974), p. 55 note that the Sanskrit terms have not been included in the quote.Nagarjuna, The Precious Garland (www.ratnavaili.com/content/view/7327/45/), p. 16,Ch. 2, Verse No.111

Comparing Little Women And Treasure Island English Literature Essay

examine Little Women And Treasure Island English Literature EssayYou could take in the by-line questions. What is meant by the courage of kidskinren? Does this, in the Set Books, refer to physical or psychological courage, or both(prenominal)? Do the accommodates resign gender dissentences in their portrayal of courage and, if so, are these signifi derrieret? How do differing authorial techniques, much(preno(prenominal)inal) as narrative voice, focalisation and intertextuality help determine the readers awareness of courage? You could also consider the historical context of both novels as go of your word of honor.The critical articles in the Readers, DVD 1 and the DVD-ROM may all nominate valuable material for this essay.Kimberley Reynolds suggests, of the nineteenth light speed, that much fiction was used quite a consciously as a form of social control (DVD 1, no. 5). Investigate and determine how representative Little Women and Treasure Island are of this trend.Notes on a thinkable advancementFor this option, you office want to explore nineteenth-century ideologic viewpoints of concepts such as family, gender, class and religion. It would be valuable to include about brief discussion of other contemporary texts. One affirmable t cardinal-beginning would be to consider the following questions. How do the novels reflect their differing historical contexts? What distinguish can be found for authorial intent, and how can differing prose techniques outlined on the DVD-ROM, including narrative voice, intertextuality and focalisation, help us establish authorial intent?You might find it helpful to revise the material in Activity 1.3 in the get a line Guide as a starting point.Explore instrument Hollindales claim that barb pan off retains its magical elasticity and its ongoing contemporaneousness (Reader 2, p.159), with wing to different versions since its original production.Notes on a possible approachYou could consider whatsoever or al l of the following questions. Which aspects of the play can be described as particularly modern? How have these been vary to suit specific productions since the plays original stage setting? How does Barries script present opportunities for alteration in relation to differing constructions of childhood? Why is Peter Pan often regarded as a pantomime?Compare and contrast the conception of fairyland in Peter Pan and in William Allinghams poem The Fairies.Notes on a possible approachIt may be helpful to dilute on a small number of specific scenes or extracts from Peter Pan for example, 1.1 (from line 315, Peters entrance to the end) or 3.1. You might want to consider the historical and generic context of for each single of the two texts. Does it matter that angiotensin-converting enzyme text is a play and the other a poem, in ground of how differently they may have been presented and received?Activity 3.6 in the Study Guide could be a useful starting point when training your e ssay.Childrens perceptions of, and perspectives on, the world around them are often represented by childrens writers as inevitably incomplete and therefore flawed. Evaluate this suggestion with grapheme to each(prenominal) three of the Set Books in clam up 4.Notes on a possible approachYou could consider some or all of the following questionsHow does each author represent the worldview of their child protagonist(s)?How does the structure of each novel, including such aspects as time-scale, narrative voice, dialogue, and a sense of place, help establish this?How do your elect texts present differing, or similar, approaches to realism and aspects of fantasy?Is there a connective between the uses of realism and fantasy, and representations of childrens perceptions and perspectives?Why might it matter if a childs perceptions of, and perspectives on the world around them are represented as flawed?You may find it useful to revise Part 1, Section 1 obese and Showing, and Section2 Foc alisation, on the DVD-ROM.Discuss David Rudds defence of the work of Enid Blyton (Reader 1, pp.168-82), in relation to the prestige conferred on two of the Set Books for Block4, one of which must be any Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone or Northern Lights.Notes on a possible approachYou could consider some or all of the following questionsWhat evidence is there for differing assessments of the popularity and quality of both Enid Blytons work and your two chosen texts?How can the success of a childrens word of honor best be quantified?What differing views on the nature of childhood can be observed in the chosen books, and do these necessarily represent the times in which they were written?How have the criteria for judging the merits of childrens literature changed since the eighteenth century?How does the postmodern picturebook set out to capture both the adult and the child readers interest?Notes on a possible approachYou could discuss which characteristics of a picturebook might invite the description of postmodern to be applied to it, sketch on a few examples. You could explore how the elements of a picturebook, including text, images, and paratext, combine to construct meaning for both the child and adult reader. Is it possible to identify any elements as seemingly designed to appeal to particular age groupsWith reference to The Tale of Peter Rabbit and Voices in the Park, explore and evaluate the assurance by William Moebius that the best picturebooks can and do portray the intangible and concealed , fancys that escape easy definition in pictures or words (Reader 1, p. 314).Notes on a possible approachYou could consider, firstly, examples of concepts that might be described as intangible and invisible that are demonstrated in these two books. How do all the elements of these books unite to help create this? How do these help us understand the views of childhood, and of child readers, presented by the authors?You might wish to include a compar ison between the historical contexts of the two books and how to situate each one in relation to childrens picturebooks generallyRachel Falconer states that it is important that the books and films young people read and ingest should address the reality of their lives (Reader 1, p.375). Is this view borne out by contemporary composition for children? Discuss with particular reference to three of the Set Books in Block 6.Notes on a possible approachYou could consider some or all of the following questions. What might the phrase the reality of their lives assume? fag end the reality of contemporary life be explored by books set either in the historical past or an imagined future? Do any, or all, of the books you have chosen raise the ideological question of what is suitable for children (Hewings in the Study Guide, p.259)? Does the provision of a convenient exotic background (Hewings in the Study Guide, p.265) help child readers to confront difficult concepts, or maybe hinder them ?Peter Hunt argues that while childrens books reflect the underlying preoccupations of a culture, the most notable ones also challenge and subvert (Reader 1, p.72). Discuss this statement, with reference to three of the Set Books in Block 6.Notes on a possible approachYou might want to consider the following questions. How, if at all, do your chosen books reflect attitudes to childhood currently observable within society? What underlying preoccupations do you find reflected in them? How, if at all, might these books differ from other childrens books of their time? Can you identify evidence of the authors overt good intention (Hewings in the Study Guide, p.260)? How can authorial choices, such as the use of direct or indirect speech, help influence the ways in which readers respond to the text?EMA the assignmentAnswer either selection 1 or Option 2.Your assignment should be a uttermost of 3000 words in length, excluding your list of references.Option 1Some idea of a child or chi ldhood motivates writers and determines both the form and core of what they write. Consider how this statement, from Peter Hunts first article in Reader 1 (p.13), applies to any three of the Set Books. Your essay must draw on materials from at least two blocks of EA300.Option 2Discuss how the book that has most recently won the UK Carnegie Prize fits into the history and tradition of childrens literature. Your discussion should also refer to at least one of the Set Books

Essay --

Advantages and Limitations of the Conventional Brick Manufacturing Methods-The brick making process starts with the preparation of the carcass with which the bricks will be made. This clay is consequently molded into the specified dimensions. thither atomic number 18 two types of molding-Slop Molding & Sand Molding. Once dried, these molded bricks be transferred to a fire kiln where the bricks be subjected to a very high temperature to chasten them. Now-a-days new manufacturing methods ar replacing the conventional ones and some are mute in practice. Its because the conventional methods name some advantages as good as some disadvantages in some or other step. establish upon their disadvantages and advantages either they are being replaced by new methods or are still in practice. The advantages and disadvantages of these steps could be as follows-Preparation of the ashes-The right type of clay is extracted from the ground. This clay contains hard lumps in it. To bear smoot h, soft and moist mixture which contains no hard lump, the clay is treated. The discussion is done in two steps-Tempering and mixing.In Tempering, pissing is added in exact proportions based on the clay quality in the anneal process and left for around 1 to 5 days which softens and lumps. conventionally clay pits are flooded with water for tempering purpose (excess water added). It could seem better way for the digging becomes easier but in toll of the strength of the final brick, with which we cant play much, its a big disadvantageous approach. Instead we should dig the soil first and then mix adequate amount of water to it.This step is followed by meld to break big lumps and to homogenize the softened clay mixture. The mixing could be done mechanically, by the use of some ani... ... Types of Conventional BricksThe Building bricks are classified based upon their strength which is directly affected by the bake temperature. So the less baked brick is of poor quality and vice v ersa. These are termed as A/B row bricks in Indian countryside. Now-a-days the A grade bricks cost is around INR 3500 per 1000 bricks and around INR 2500 for B grade bricks.There are other types of bricks also like Facing Bricks, vitrified Bricks etc. The price of these bricks is highly varying based upon the properties you want to have like texture, color, heat resistance etc.References-1.http//www.gate-international.org/documents/publications/webdocs/pdfs/bas-tb11e.pdf2.http//forest.mtu.edu/pcforestry/resources/studentprojects/bricks/process.htm3.Village Level Brick-Making by Anne Beamish & Will Donovan.4.http//www.brickability.co.uk/products/bricks.htm

Is Technology to Blame for Americas Obesity Problem? Essay -- Overweig

As a future educator of somatic education, I feel that our nations weight problem is an outgrowth that needs to be addressed. I feel that it is and will be my think over to educate students about the importance of taking c be of your luggage compartment because plump kids have a 92% chance of becoming fat adults (www.amp.com). The jumper lead cause of death in the fall in States, for men and women, is heart disease. The United States alone the estimated annual act of deaths attributable to obesity is about 280,000. (www.members.iglou.com) Results on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 19992000 indicate that an estimated 64 percent of U.S. adults are either overweight or obese. (www.cdc.gov) In addition, The number of overweight children in the United States has more than doubled since the early mid-seventies (www.naaso.org) and about 15 percent of children and adolescents are now overweight. (www.cdc.gov) There is a difference in being ove rweight and being obese. Being overweight refers to increased body weight in relation to height, when compared to some tired of acceptable or desirable weight. (www.cdc.gov) Being over weight whitethorn or whitethorn not be due to the increase in body fat. It may be due to an increase in disceptation muscle. A perfect example of this is in professional jockstraps. Professional athletes may be very cant over and muscular, with very little body fat, heretofore may weigh more than others of the same height. This may qualify the athlete as overweight due to their large muscle mass. This is based on the belief of someone who has come up with what they believe to be desirable. at one time obesity is defined as an excessively high amount of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass. The amount of ... ...e. No one is making you eat what you are it is your choice. I think we should also think about things that we are doing to our children, which is grooming them to be lazy. An example of this is when it is a nice day outside and we part with our children to stay inside and play video games or watch television. This is a great opportunity to have your kids getting some more activity. Something we should learn not doing anymore is to stop putting televisions in our childrens bedrooms. If a child replaces those almost 20 minutes a week with some(prenominal) other activity (besides reading or thinking), he, or she is going to be more physically lively. Even painting would be more active than watching television. (www.texas.teachers.net) Robinson TN. Reducing childrens television viewing to prevent obesity a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999 282 1561-7.

The yellow wallpaper -- essays research papers

Using examples from all of the texts from this specific unit analyse and contrast the conflicts that drive these struggles of the main characters. tactile sensation for similarities and look for differences within those similarities. Look for differences and look for similarities within those differences.In the story The yellow wall composition the main character struggles due to her husband oppression and she suffers herself until demandting psychogenic ill. She is put by her husband on a nursery basis to be taking care of, only if her fear, anxiety and necessity of talk and comprehension from her husband and with the asideside world doesnt make her some(prenominal) better I sometimes fancy that in my ensure if I had less opposition and more society stimulus-but John says that very score thing I can do to think astir(predicate) my condition and confess it always makes me feel bad (507). She is stalwartly hoping to be taken out of the nursery but she had never confronted her husband. I wish I could get better (509). But I most not think about that (509).The yellow wallpaper found in the characters sleeping room grabbed her attention since she first saw it. She found a resemblance of her conduct and what the wallpaper represents. She wants to be in her own stated of mind again, but her husband is sacking to take her physician fro nervous disorder if she doesnt get better John says if I dont piece up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall (511). She wishes to be cure but her fears to John dont allow her to turn over a confrontation with him. She is very afraid of him and as a consequence, she keeps pore in the wall paper as a way of escaping from that heart that she has.The Gilded six-bits is a story of love, infidelity, and pardon. Joe has a modest but perky home. Newlywed, he and his wife Missie May have a joyful and tasteful spiritedness until a polished and stylish stranger enters into their community boom their marriage. The infidelity and disloyalty is what makes the main character struggles. Missie May have a descent with an affluent gay that had mintd into their neighborhood Oh Joe, honey, he said he wuz gointer give me dat gold money and he jes kept on after me (1278). That was her excuse for the infidelity. Even though Joe was wounded, he never go away his wife, She loved him too much, but she could not u... ... (2047). Norma tries to do weights and heavy tempt while Leroy has a disable condition. They both struggle trying to stripping who they really are and what they want to accomplish in their life. Finally, after this life change, they realize that their marriage is now devastated and tried to repair by going away. The struggles that they went through made one of them fainted and Norma finally noticing that her life has nonsense and that she doesnt really know who she is, tries to kill herself.The story Painting Churches, reveals the story of a complex relationship between a family co nformed by aged kindle and a young daughter, trying to pursue an artist carrier. While the family tries to walk out out of their old house, Mags, the young daughter, comes in from Boston to help them move out of the house and at the same she wants to do a portrayal of them Its a perfect opportunity. There will be no distractions you will be completely at my mercy (2154). When the time goes by in the story, in between wrapping, rhetoric and painting, it begins to survey deeper into the hostility, grudge and misread of the Church family.

Butanol :: Biology, Bacteria

Many species belonging to the genus Clostridium are categorized as grim anaerobes because neither they nor key enzymes inside them are satisfactory to function normally during aerobic culti-vations, and stringent anaerobic conditions are compulsory for their growth (1). Despite the gen-eral understanding about the sensitivity of clostridial species to O2, some strains have got me-tabolic mechanisms for withstanding, to some degree, the presence of dissolved oxygen (DO), and this phenomenon has been reviewed(2,3). Clostridium acetobutylicum strain ATCC 824, a widely investigated model for studies on the fermentative ware of butanol, sus-tained growth after a shift from anaerobic to microoxic conditions (0-0.2 % DO)at the mid-exponential phase of growth, however, it ceased to grow on flushing the broth with a gas mixture of 5 % O2 / 95 % N2 (4).The O2-tolerance of C. acetobutylicum strain ATCC 824 in microoxic conditions has been attributed to the production of O2-induced polypept ides, which are presumed to play a protective role against toxic emotional oxygen species such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (4).Studies on the oxygen stress-responses in the obligate anaerobes C. acetobutylicum and C.aminovalericum notifyed the upregulation of gene clusters coding for O2-scavenging enzymes, including NADH rubredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.18.1.1), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), thiol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.1), alkylhydroperoxide reductase (EC 1.11.1.15), and superoxide dismutase (5).Based on the findings of Kawasaki et al. (4,5), Hillman et al. (6) reported that C. acetobutylicum strain ATCC 824 perRmutants, survived aerobic incubation on agar plates for up to 50 days (6). The per mutants also survived oxidative stress in supercharged liquid cultures for up to 3 hours before a decrease in cell viability was observed (6). However, at this stage (after 3 hours) if no set ahead O2 was added to the broth culture, the perR mutants were able to reest ablish anaerobic conditions by rapidly devour DO in the broth (6). These reports (4,5,6) however, did not investigate the effects of oxidative stress on the production of solvents. Despite the presence of metabolic mechanisms in some clostridia for surviving short-term oxidative stress, these appear to be insufficient for establishing long-term survival under aerobic conditions.Literature on the effects of oxidative stress on butanol-producing bacteria, all of which are strict anaerobes, remains limited. A fuller understanding of the effects of such stressants on metabolite production will provide insights into stress-specific responses in bu-tanol-producing bacteria and may reveal strategies for improving the yield of solvents.

Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

Of mice and men is a novel about twain men, George Milton and Lennie Small, who go to work on a ranch in atomic number 20 to apportion a shither. Lennie is a massive musical composition with incredible strength still has a childs mind. George is a fairly sized man who is not incredibly brilliant but has good common sense. The two men travel from townsfolk to town and job to job to just get by and survive. nevertheless they dream of saving up enough m unrivalledy to someday get a place of their own where they "wont have to answer to no one" and "live off the fatta the land" Lennie dreams of having rabbits of his own that he can mother care of all by himself. The ranch they go to work at is in Soledad, California. When they arrive, they go to their bunk house, where they meet glass. Candy is an old, weathered man who has been working on the ranch for years. He befriends George and Lennie and they confide to him their dreams of having their own place. Candy te lls them that he has saved up a descent sum of coin and asks if he can tag along in the adventure if he pays his share. Another man on the ranch, Slim, gives Lennie a puppy to play with but Lennie, feebleminded and sweet attempts to love even the gentlest of creatures, but, as he unaccompanied has a childlike understanding of his enormous strength, the results are often tragic. ringleted is the bosss son, and sensing Lennies simple mind, he attempts to intimidate and antagonize him not anticipating his strength. He hits Lennie because he thinks Lennie is teasing him. Lennie tries to resist fighting as long as he can but after suffering many blows to the verbal expression from Curly, he grabs Curlys hand and squeezes it so hard it breaks every bone in it. Curlys wife is a beautiful woman who is always lonely and attempts to birth "love" through the attention of other men. In Curlys seductive wife, Lennie sees a beautiful and innocent creature, like the small animals he a ttempts to love. Though she seeks to take advantage of his innocence, she cannot know that his strength coupled with his naivete is, for her, a dicey combination. She comes into the barn one day when Lennie has just killed the puppy given to him by Slim because he played too hard with it.

Animal Farm : Comparison Between Movie and Book :: compare contrast

Like all harbors, Animal Farm the book, is assorted from Animal Farm the movie. One of the reasons is the characters. Some of the characters that were in the book were non in the movie. Those were characters like Mr. Whymper, Clover, and Mollie. In the movie, Jessie, the dog that was only parented in the showtime chapter, replaced Clover. Jessie narrated the story, was the main character, and was in the story the entire time.Some of the events that were in the book were non shown or did not happen in the movie. These were events like the swan note forgeries and some of the things that Squealer said to them like how he convince them to let the pigs use the apples and milk in their mash. They did not even mention this event in the story. Other things that they did not even mention in the movie were the Sunday meetings and something they didnt mention in the book was cat sleeps addiction to whiskey. One of the main events in the book that was not shown in the movie was the bat tle where Boxer split his hoof. The only twain battles that happened were the Rebellion and the Battle of Cowshed. One event that happened in the movie that did not happen in the book was when Squealer took Mr. Joness camera equipment and apply it to speak to the animals.Another different thing about the story was when the events took place. They showed the pigs base on balls on their hind legs after they showed when Jessie couldnt tell the difference in the midst of the humans and the pigs.One of the last things that were different about the movie was the ending. It didnt end with Jessie not being able to tell the difference amongst the humans and the pigs. After that, Jessie took Benjamin and a few other animals with her to escape. They came bottom a few years later after Napoleon died. The matures new owners were coming and Jessie and

Nominating an Outstanding Person to The Hall of Fame Essay example --

I throw Regina Geis for recognition in the State H each(prenominal) of Fame. Born on celestial latitude 29, 1995, daughter of Robert and Robin Geis, sister of Daniel and Benjamin Geis. Regina is an exalt person who brings come off of the closet joy and happiness. She inspires people to give their best and live for the right reasons. She is an overachiever and has ceaselessly done well in school. In fact, Regina is a straight A student. It is encouraging how much time and effort she puts in her school time. expenditure some of her time at work and home, but spending intimately of her time at school or church. Regina strives for excellence, but other than her inspiring life, she shall first be accept for more than what she does but for who she is, handle her genius beautiful, awesome and amazing, outgoing and funny, exhilarating and adventurous, goofy and silly, caring and kind, sweet, a consummate(a) character, there is never a dull moment when hanging out with her. Thoug h she has her serious moments, when it comes to having fun, she knows how to embrace herself. When music plays, she dances and sings, and does not care what she looks like or who is around. Some clock showing your complete self is hard, but Regina is coke% herself. The times she hangs out with her girls or sometimes, even her brother, well, lets just say it is all laughs and giggles from there. Speaking of her brother, siblings fight daily and they have their differences, but Regina shows the roll of a wonderful big sister. Yes, some days her brother drives her crazy, but she would do absolutely anything for him, as well as her friends and family. There are times when she places herself before others, but she deserves that because she places others before herself the majority of the time. Regina likes to joke... ...hat she will be recognized in many Hall of Fames, rather than only the state, because she will be someone more and make it somewhere anywhere. Geis will continue to op position people and their lives in ways she would not understand. Regina Geis is an inspiring girl who deserves the recognition in the State Hall of Fame. Works Citedhttp//admissions.illinois.edu/academics/honors_colleges.htmlhttp//www.forbes.com/sites/jamesmarshallcrotty/2013/03/13/motivation-matters-40-of-high-school-students-chronically-disengaged-from-school/http//www.nbcnews.com/id/7019023/ns/us_news/t/study-most-us-teens-serious-about-religionhttp//www.newrepublic.com/ bind/116332/david-brookss-editorial-gets-poverty-and-education-wronghttp//www.publicagenda.org/press-releases/survey-sports-arts-clubs-volunteering-out-school-activities-play-crucial-positive-role-kids

Integrating Sustainable Agriculture, Ecology, and Environmental Policy. :: Agricultural Ecological Environmental Essays

Integrating Sustainable Agriculture, Ecology, and environmental PolicyWhose trade is it to create a sustainable kitchen-gardening? How will knowledge systems requisite to support such an agriculture be developed and implemented? These pragmatic questions are addressed by the 14 contributors to this book. If in fact the bucolic community is beyond the stage of understanding and internalizing the privation for the concept of an agriculture that can be sustained, then this book offers concrete suggestions for the types of research objectives and fond and political decisions that must be followed in order to make sustainable systems a reality.The book contains the minutes of a July 1991 group, sponsored by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), that drew participants from academia and U S. g all overnment agencies. The proceedings have also been available since 1992 as volume 2, no. 3, of the daybook of Sustainable Agriculture (JSA). The publisher of this book , Haworth Press, also publishes the JSA, and the decision to make these proceedings available in both formats is understandable, since this book will be of assess to an important audience that is larger than the readership of the journal. As the name of both the conference and the book reflects, the contributors represent various disciplinary perspectives and professional experiences, being in the first place ecologists (7) and environmental policy makers (5), with the addition of a sociologist and an educator. The chapters cover a lop of topics that can be grouped into structural issues (federal policies, EPA program priorities, information and grooming systems) and research issues (participatory research methods, identification and monitoring of indicators of sustainability, and theories and methods for the design of sustainable rustic systems at the watershed, landscape and soil levels).The authors are authoritative and succinct in exposing, analyzing and integrating the pra ctical issues involved in fulfilling the objectives set forth over the past 15 years by various writers who can whole be called philosophers of agriculture. The thoughts of such individuals as Wendell Berry, Wes Jackson and Robert Rodale can be seen as passionate philosophizing by outsiders aiming to raise the level of consciousness of the scientific agricultural community about the unintended effects of their research paradigms and technologies. much(prenominal) writing, while constituting a necessary initial component of the developing publications on sustainable agriculture, can be frustrating for those scientists accepting the need to address the environmental and sociological impact of agriculture, but less certain(a) about how to do so.

The Queen Of Air And Darkness Essay -- essays research papers

The Queen of Air and DarknessIn the Queen of Air and Darkness Morgause raises four boys. She is nota cheeseparing mother, and she does not give her boys a sense of right and wrong. Sheoften ignores them for years at a time and beats them when they displease her.She acts as if they were pets preferably than human beings, to be loved or not ather comfort station . But despite this common maltreatment, the boys turn out verydifferently.Gawaine is the oldest of the boys and in many ways the most normal. Hebecomes a knight in Arthurs court, fighting for him loyally. The way in whichhe is affected by his genteelness is his rages. When provoked Gawaine goes intoa berserk rage in which he does things he would normally never do. When Gawaineand Agravaine are arguing over whether or not to write a letter to their fatherabout the knights, Agravaine refuses to say he is wrong, so Gawaine goes berserkand attacks him. He does not simply beat him, alone chokes him and slams his headagainst t he floor until Gareth pulls him off. If Gareth had not been there,Gawaine very well might concur killed his younger brother. Gawaine even kills awomen when worked up to a rage. These rages are a product of the unhealthychildhood he endured.The next child, Agravaine, is probably the least well adjusted of thefour. He tends to be sadistic and self-centered. The children were told thetale of the superpower of Ireland by St...