Essay on the Next Global Stage

[pic] SEMINAR CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Essay on ?The Next Global Stage ? By Kenichi Ohmae 2005, Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Wharton School Publishing, New Jersey. ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAI July 2007 Introduction In his book, The Next Global Stage, Challenges and Opportunities in our Borderless World, the author Kenichi Ohmae, one of the world’s leading business and corporate strategists, makes the key point that Globalization is a fact, here to stay and unstoppable.In addition, we are moving to the next global stage, led by the world elite of â€Å"internet-ians†, a kind of global tribe, and our leaders in a borderless world. Ohmae does not question at any moment the sustainability of the global world growth model, nor the principles that rule globalization, nor the human rights of different countries, nor any other values. He accepts that profit and the prosperity and even wealth are part of the capitalist global world .Those countries, re gions more so in his terminology, corporations or individuals that do not have the flexibility to adapt to the new reality will be wiped out by the economic and social forces emerging and leading globalization. The author explains in detail, the key drivers of the globalization, such as the â€Å"no theory† of the economy dynamics, the leverage of the fundamental platforms for success and growth, the English language of Microsoft PC operating systems, or the prevalence of global brands.He points out the new face technology is giving the world and examples of governments which put economic prosperity at the forefront of their agendas, independent of the political system, i. e. China, other non democratic countries and countries with a political system based on individual freedom. Ohmae focuses on the technical capacities and skills that the leaders of the new global world must have in order to succeed in it.It is a very interesting book that offers a vision of economic growth where the main objective is to attract the money in the form of investment, local or foreign, to those areas that make the shortlist of most interesting places to invest and create wealth. Ohmae describes the skills needed to prosper in it and the characteristics of efficiency and competitiveness that attract investors. His viewpoint is that of the capital, without considering the freedom or human rights issues in human social and economic growth. In this sense the book is controversial.It does not question Globalization and explains with very good arguments the roadmap to success in it. The preeminence of the capital over any other production factor or human development is assumed. Ohmae is one of the most famous strategists, business persons, and academics in business and management theories and practices. He admits that traditional economic theories do not work anymore and that the case study approach, based on learning from the past and traditionally followed in western universi ties lacks relevance to the future and is obsolete to analyze and learn about the new realities.He is a believer in innovation and leadership as a means to improve the skills of future business leaders (and political ones, independently of their ideology, paradoxically enough). I am going to analyze, develop and comment on the main ideas contained in this important book, recommendable to all those dealing in the development of economic, business and management theories and practices. Whether one is a practitioner or an academic, I think that many of the ideas are very relevant to our global world. If you want to succeed in it, this book contains many recipes for success.The question that I will be trying to answer throughout this paper is whether you can skip the question of the model of economic growth in a sustainable way for the planet. And therefore for humanity . I will add my ideas to the analysis in the conclusions. I will start my analysis of the book by discussing the key i deas. Part 1: The Stage The world as a stage World wide music tours are a symbol of globalization . The author uses â€Å"Riverdance†, the Irish musical with its Celtic music and Irish dancing, as a metaphor for the global economy.It is originated and performed by participants of different nationalities and is enjoyed in many countries or ‘stages’. It is an encapsulated example of players in the global stage. The global economy is invisible, but its effects are evident throughout the world. We are players on the global stage and we all feel its effects, no matter where they take place. Ohmae says that China is the country that is benefiting the most from global economy, especially those regions like Dalian, that have an approach of being attractive with incentives to attract direct foreign Investment or DFI .China cannot be seen as a unity but as a group of regions with different approaches and levels of political and economic independence. In reality, those regi ons are competing with one another for investment and resources, not from China, but from the outside world. Ohmae explains the examples of two countries that have embraced globalization, such as Ireland and Finland. The first by attracting DFI and the second one by embracing the internationalization as the natural situation, plus the innovation and knowledge based economies that both countries promote.They have taken the whole world as their natural market, and they have not been economically nationalistic. What is the Global Economy? x Borderless Tariffs are disappearing, but borders still exit for people and goods for the sake of security and safety. But in terms of the key factors of business life, the world has become borderless. These business factors are designated as the four C’s : communications, capital, corporations and consumers. -Effective communications, with the development of internet in the mid-1990s onwards the world is getting truly borderless. The second C , capital, aided by the deregulation of financial markets, is also a beneficiary of a borderless world with the US dollar the monetary platform of the globalization so far. -The third C, corporations, have been successfully responding to the globalization by locating their functions in different countries, that is to say, for example, R&D in Switzerland, Engineering in India, Financing in London, etc. -And the last C, consumers, enabled by the internet to compare prices and products and making much more informed choices.And also the products are made in different countries, e. x. its fabric in one country, its assembling process in another and its design in a third one. . Invisible Transactions and settlements of money now take place mostly on and through computers. Plus the B2B trade exchanges, or as C2C auctions. Most ATMs around the world give money in the local currency with foreign credit cards. There is no way that governments can know what you have withdrawn and spent abroad or how much you have spent with a credit card to purchase goods and services across national borders. Cyber connected The global economy would not be possible without the cyber technology allowing large amounts of data to be transferred incredibly quickly. The internet is only the most public part of it. Voice over IP (Internet Protocol) is rapidly facilitating and making cheaper the communications. Everything and everybody with access to the internet can connect. . Measured in multiples â€Å"Money makes the world go round†. Money is the main and almost single value in the global economy.Shareholders demand to take advantage of business opportunities with expectations of profit. Ohmae states that the current globalization process is in its infancy and more changes, many of them permanent, will go on to benefit the world. Globalization is an opportunity to create more wealth and prosperity, as long as one has the recipes or skills necessary to succeed in it. His view contrast s starkly with the negative opinions of these same features expressed by other ecology-oriented authors and economists.In my opinion, we have to be positive and within the global stage and develop the skills that represent an evolution ofhumanity towards a better stage,provided that using those characteristics to create economic incentives are based on the maintenance and regeneration of the sustainability of the planet. In other words, I think that adding new â€Å"values in the market† economy can direct or redirect development towards those sustainability values, such as protection of human rights, freedom, democracy and protection of the environment.In my judgement, that is where some of the defenders of a collectivist approach to development are wrong. The human individual thrives in a free global stage that protects and promotes the right values with a regulatory framework based upon freedom and democracy, so the planet can increase its wealth and reach all the corners of it. Opening Night: Globalization started with the most important Earth-changing event . The opening night of capitalism spins around the information and telecoms revolution, with Bill Gates as the epitome of this new era.The fall of Soviet communism was due to the opening of Russia (The Soviet Union) thanks to Gorbachev and his reforms with the â€Å"glasnost† (transparency). This was another key change towards a borderless globalized world. The dollar as the world currency after the agreement of the G5 in New York, and the flexibilization of currency exchange rate. The Fiscal revolution to combat Budget deficit in the 80’s in the USA was another key factor for the fiscal revolution in public finance management.Both helped the globalization process at the beginning of the 90’s. The Microsoft eruption and accessible information technology and software have become a commonplace communication tool in today’s world and is the key technological factor for t he new global stage. The coming of China into the world economy, with their reforms accepting efficiency and prosperity and private property with the famous, †one country, two systems†, claimed by the Communist Party leader Deng Xiaoping, and the continued by Zhu Ronji, was not short of a revolution.China now exhibits capitalism in its rawest form. And finally, the internet at the beginning of the 90’s and the development of the world wide web with its common hypertext language allow millions to communicate and has changed profoundly our way of living and working. These are facts and Ohmae is right when he says that they are here to stay and that the global stage is spreading more and more, not confined to an elite, but affecting an ever growing part of the world population.Turning our backs to them would not be rational, these situations give more freedom to people, companies and politicians all over the world and should not limit Freedom, which is the most impor tant human value, but enable societies to protect the weak and provide equal opportunities for people to make their own choices. Each of us knows better how to make decision for ourselves. Certainly better than governments. The idea is that Politicians set up frameworks, where fair values, not only profit rule, and allow the arket, with its limitations watched upon to bring prosperity and redistribute wealth with human criteria for the general benefit of all individuals. I do not believe in limitations on freedom, be it political, social or economic freedom. Countries with no democracy cannot claim that everything goes at the expense of prosperity. In other words, the Singapore model vs the Chinese model or the western model. For me prosperity does not justify political or human right limitations. The end of Economics The Global economy is not a theory, it is a reality.Not even economists understand how it works. The old masters theories and the well known parameters do not work any more. Economic theories are used to explain causalities, especially within a country . The problem is that national economies do not exist anymore. There is no model to explain the global economy as such, because we are dealing with many parameters and variables, and so many units of economy, so many new financial products, bonds, hedge funds, and so many derivatives and multiples, that make it almost impossible to establish a mathematical economic model.The theory of complexity is more suitable to approach this new 21st century economy, fundamentally different from the 20th century one. Part of the paradox that surrounds economic theory is that it is often divorced from the world in which it has been developed. The Author cites several classic economic theories from old masters such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, or Keynes that explain the reality around them. However, the global economy of today needs new thinking to tackle its realities.The technological revolution has transformed geopolitics, including turning obsolete the nation-states. Economic environments are constantly changing and are difficult to encapsulate. The liquidity of money, says the author, is another feature of the global economy. There is a constant flow, no absorption anywhere; absorption would cause inflation. Traditional economic theory cannotexplain this either. Technology and deregulation have liberated money from national economies. Money flows to areas of highest return, no matter where that is.Money has not patriotism. There is an over liquidity. Deflation’s antidote was inflation according to the theories of some famous economists (Paul Krugman) but the Japanese example contradicts the theory. Consumers know better than economists what is good for them and what to do with their money. Another aspect of monetary policy that the advent of the global economy has altered is the position of interest rates. More and more individuals save, for instance in a â€Å"portfolioâ€℠¢ of assets in the global world in the world stocks exchanges and the different currencies.The theory of complexity was developed because the traditional linear theories could explain less and less the complexity of the world, the relationships, the behaviors, the expectations of individuals, corporations and governments. There more and more thinkers, academics and business people who, like Kenichi Ohmae, see a parallel between the global economy and the world of complexity. Predictability, or more so the lack of it, is one. A small change in one variable can have a huge and inexplicable impact elsewhere. Traditional theories tended to think that equilibrium was the natural state of economic systems.Nobody is completely sure of how the very recently developed global economy works. The old economic paradigms that supported the classical theories have been broken, but despite that many countries, or governments find difficult changing habits, the old interventionism, or â€Å"touchin g a key† to obtain a result is still in place, but with sometimes opposite results to those expected. Those who do not understand the new economic paradigms are liable to become the victim of someone else who does. In the developed world the economic policy should focus on asset appreciation, which has much bigger impact than increasing the flow of income.China, the author says, in one of them. So, in summary, some the characteristics of the new economic paradigm of the global world according to the author, are: . For the first time in human history, prosperity and riches do not depend on existing wealth. In the global economy, there is no need for mineral resources or colonies, or any other â€Å"traditional† resources. A country or a region can attract foreign investment to create prosperity . The world has an excess of capital. There is plenty of money always looking for places to invest. A regions has to show worthy of consideration.Regions know that they are in a b uyer’s market and that they have to compete for investment. Investment means prosperity. . Size no longer matters. The need of an internal substantial market is not necessary anymore. International success is accessible to countries with small populations, i. e. Nokia in Finland, Ireland, etc. I agree fully with the book’s ideas about the end of the old economic theories. The complexity of the borderless world, where individuals, corporations and governments try to maximize their return on investment is the reality of today.The global economy still has to produce its theorist, with the permanent state of flux and metamorphosis as a defining characteristic. We see how the global economy emerges in front of us, but it is difficult to grasp. Those who understand it and use new thinking, succeed. Innovation and productivity for competitiveness are the real drivers. Part 2: Stage Directions. Playmakers For the author, the geographical and economic unit of the global economy is the region. Not so much the nation-state which, despite its political importance, cannot be viewed as an economic unit within the global economy.That is why political economy studied in classic economic theory is obsolete. The nation-state had its own currency and its natural territory and economic boundaries. With the global borderless economy, that notion is overcome. This idea is relatively new and revolutionary, and not ‘politically correct’ for some as it suggests governments should have a subsidiary role in the regulations of economic transactions. There is a group of economists and thinkers closer to the political â€Å"left† that oppose to this notion.In their opinion there should be more regulations to protect the nation-state citizens from the global economy, capitalists and multinationals. Indeed they argue there should be less international trade and more national barriers and clearly defined borders to protect the life style of the citizens withi n and that the market and the capital not only have profit as the only value, but others such as the environment and sustainable growth, influencing the market forces to adapt to a more â€Å"human† global, but local economies.This is a central confrontation in terms of vision of the global world and the political consequences. It will be a central debate for the sustainability of the world and its social, political and economic consequences. In his explanation of the rise of the regions, versus the nation-state, the author mentions several examples, like Singapore, Ireland, the Tokio region, Dalian and Guangzhou in China. Some of these regions are component parts of old nation-states; others spill over existing borders.Ohmae says that globalization is a liberalization of individuals, consumers, corporations and regions from the legacy of the nation-state in which they belong. Eventually the information available to each of them will give them the wisdom of choice, r. e. Part 1: The Stage Whether a consumer buys the best and cheapest from anywhere in the world is also their choice and not the decision of the government. Likewise corporations will shift eventually to the best host regions. Ultimately is a competitive world and one that will discipline all members of the global village, because wealth will migrate national borders. Platforms for ProgressThese are the developments that have promoted human progress; what the author calls the platforms for progress; that is to say means of allowing companies or individuals to communicate with each other to get things done more quickly and efficiently by enhancing communication and delivery, and creating the common standards accepted by the players. Technology platforms: These include operating systems, (Microsoft), personal and corporate computers, the HTML programming platform for writing web pages (Java), the internet, the World Wide Web and its applications like online transactions, shopping in the cybers pace, etc.The Voice over Internet Protocol (IP) and the versatility and affordability of telecommunications. Language: The English language is the linguistic platform of the global world. Many critics see it as symptomatic of US dominance and cultural imperialism. Attempts to impose other languages, like Russian in the old Soviet block of communist countries have failed totally. English language is spreading all over Asia where it is synonymous of business success. Being bilingual in your own mother tongue and English will become the norm, not a special skill.The US Dollar: The reason is historical and practical and dates from the end of WWII (mid 40’s). Many countries trade in the US dollar, e. x. North and South America, Australia, oil producing nations and Asian countries such as China and Japan. This puts the US in a privileged position, although, the recent trend in the importance of other currencies is balancing the situation versus the dollar and creating a group of gl obal currencies, such as the Euro, the Yen and the Chinese Renminbi. Other Platforms: These include ‘Branding’ in the global economy.The majority are American, but more brands from other regions of the world are becoming global. Global business culture; the global jargon of business is understood across borders. The ATM platform; this allows cash to be dispensed from locations far away from your locality. The credit card and smart cards platform. GPs platform, and other platforms are becoming available to a large number of users in a global world and those doing business need to understand this. Out and About Another issue shaping the global stage is the business process outsourcing (BPO).This means business optimization and refers to the relocation of sources and resources. Again it is the the Telecommunications revolution which drives BPO. An immediate benefit has been the reduction in costs. However, BPO is one of the most controversial aspects of global economy, see n by some as a capitalist exploitation of the poor, a new way of making money at the expense of poor countries, creating new global economy â€Å"slaves†. India (also Ireland) has benefited the most from BPO (again the English platform).The author defends this new form of globalization arguing that it facilitates the distribution and spread of wealth in a more effectively and efficiently than development aid. The money goes directly to individuals rather than potentially corrupt government agencies. The increased prosperity in India and Ireland is undeniable (other examples include China and the Philippines). Ohmae defends BPD as a source of wealth for poorer countries and criticizes those myths and half truths about the â€Å"sweat workshop† cliches, claiming these stem from western fear and insecurity about the loss of white collar jobs.The view from those countries is radically opposite. Cross-border BPO, is yet another example of the borderless world. Many clerical jobs have been replaced by computers and companies outsource more and more functions in search of cost reductions and competitiveness. It is natural that some of the better and cheaper operators should be found across national borders. Some politicians and intellectuals have a different point of view. In my opinion, BPO, like everything else in life has a right and wrong approach to it. If the conditions for fairness and other values other than just profit are introduced, the advantages outweigh the isadvantages. A global effort is needed by international political institutions to guarantee that exploitation by multinationals is not allowed. I believe in market forces over governmental control. In other words, if market rules penalize companies that do not comply with international norms of fair work then they will have the incentive to change. More so than a compliance with national regulations open, in some cases, to corruption, lack of transparency and consequently disregard for human rights. Breaking the chains The internet and the portal are becoming more and more important in the global stage.The search engine is the best â€Å"travel† guide and helpmate for internet users as they move through billions of pages in the cyber jungle. This is creating the emergence of â€Å"cyberites† or â€Å"netians†. This group of internet users has a tendency to follow behavior patters that Ohmae classifies in theorems. . Theorem 1; internet users for five years or more tend to think, act and behave similarly. They want to buy the best and cheapest from anywhere in the world. They are confident that they can live well under the liberated regime of a truly global environment. Theorem 2; (Age-10/10) is the number of years to become a real cyberite according to the non-scientific observation of the author. It takes longer to unlearn accumulated 20th century assumptions and myths depending on your exposure. The younger generations have less difficulty in learning the rules and games of the cyberworld. . Theorem 3; Cyberite as proactive consumers. People are passive when watching TV. They want to be entertained. By typing the names in a search engine cyberites are more likely to discover or buy something.The payment systems are a fundamental part for the development of internet. In fact, security is one of the issues that prevent people from buying and trading in the World Wide Web. Improvement of the security will increase the number of cyber transactions. More companies are introducing security and convenience to internet payment systems. The final part of the net revolution is logistics, or the physical distributions of goods. The new technologies have created many new business models, from the case of Dell, to Amazon, Zara and others.Parcel delivery companies have grasped the opportunity to become global logistics business partners with the outsourcing of that important function in the global world to many companies. Time and distance are barriers. This ‘barrierless’ global world is a psychological shift that shapes our understanding the global economy and its benefits. We consume items from any cornerofplanet,becausetheyareavailabletousasglobalconsumers. Part 3: The Script Reinventing Government Governments are losing their power in this global world. Some do better than others, and decentralization is happening within their countries.Nevertheless, strong central control is something of the past, Ohmae argues. Today’s intellectual battle is between the old and the new. Governments are wealth distributors, not wealth facilitators. They create wealth only through taxation. That is the way many people experience governmental intervention. The best taxation is the simple one explained in the book and also the fact that money raised from taxation should be invested in the places it is raised. As distributors of wealth, governments have gone the way of developing welfare states and welfare economies.They protect national industries, even if they are inefficient and weak globally, at the expense of the taxpayer. The distributive state is when distributed wealth is spread evenly and fairly throughout the country. Governments of the future must seek to facilitate rather than frustrate. The public service of any country must be prepared to work more on short term projects with identifiable goals as is the practice in the majority of European countries, rather than enter into a permanent employment regime. A pragmatic approach is necessary. A Vision for ChangeGovernments need to have a vision for the future, not only one developed by politicians, but by all social agents, which identifies national strategy and policies in an open and transparent way and reach all layers of society. It must not be just a mere collection or words and aspirations, but identify clear, practical and obtainable goals. Democracy should be used to reach majority consensus. Naturally coming with t his vision is not easy. First because of the political fractions in a country, then because we now live in a borderless world and can no longer put national interests first.And finally because we live in a cyberspace and are bound to the TIC (Telecommunications and Information technologies) . Mapping the future These are the fundamentals to develop a viable vision for a country: . It must empower individuals .It must invite capital from the rest of the world .It must maintain an even keel Government vision. These are things Governments can do: . Be ambassadors for new technology .Diminish the hindrances for capital flow .Eliminate obstacles for companies to attract the best people, skilled workers or managers .Minimize bureaucracy .Specialize the country around a competitive advantage A truly visionary government is dedicated to education. A highly educated work force is necessary to add intellectual value to the country or region. Workers in all areas should be educated in being ve rsatile and open-minded. Possession of disciplined thought processes and the ability to approach problem-solving are always the areas one can build upon and apply in many different areas. To this end, further education or skill acquisition should be made easy.The internet and broadband technology make attending and participating in learning from remote locations possible. A new Role for the Government Governments have been involved in providing education, but their role should change to being a member of a team and open up to the private sector involvement. Education and the school system represent one of the best ways in which governments can teach the citizens of the future about changing roles. But world reality is not very encouraging. Many governments, on the contrary, want to set up barriers to protect their national economies.There are examples of countries and/or regions with different characteristics, that are successful in the government involvement and the understanding o f the global economy. Some regions of China, Scandinavian countries, Ireland or Singapore are among them. In each there is tradition of interventionist government action, especially in the economic sphere. In different ways they have given more, by doing less, often providing only the initial impulse and vision and the right background conditions, but thereafter sitting on the sidelines. The Futures MarketGovernments must change, but the global stage, change is both necessary and inevitable at three fundamental levels: . Technological- Technological progress has the capacity to reshape countries . Personal- Individuals must become more proactive and more adaptable . Organizational- The emergent corporation will be homeless. It will be adaptive, focused on innovation and unencumbered by needless hierarchy or the psychological baggage of the past The technological Future Technological progress means that industrial death is increasingly a fact of business life.The rise and fall of com mercial enterprises is part of the landscape. Each technological wave usually has its victims, those who were unable to change in time. Time has been compressed. The history of the digital camera is just an example of this. Big companies like Kodak and Fuji are facing restructuring. Or the music and cinema industries with the emergence of the internet and the digital technologies. Something similar can be said about telephony, with the rise of VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) and its impact on Telecoms. The personal futureNo matter where they are, individuals will have to learn to adapt. A job career for life is a concept to be discarded. Another change will be the accepted norm that life always gets better and that workers, no matter their education level, can look forward to an incrementally improving lifestyle, leading to a post-retirement soft-landing, in which almost all their needs are provided for. People will have to learn to be lifestyle mangers. Flexibility will be cent ral to success. Success in the global economy will also depend on good leadership. This is true with regard to a region-state, or a company.Good leaders need vision but must remain pragmatists. Leaders must value information and innovation. One of the most important assets that a leader can possess is a flexible attitude to his/her role. He/She must be intuitive and able to change. The Corporate Future Uncertainty is another feature of the global economy. Paradoxically this provides opportunities for those brave and adept enough to adapt. The global economy is new. The rulebook remains unwritten. Nobody knows what will work. The best way forward is to try anyway and to learn from your mistakes, then try again.The author dismisses the case study method followed by universities, arguing business needs to be done in new ways. Notions from the past cannot be applied to the future. Companies need to commit to the global economy wholeheartedly, unless they want to be absorbed by others. C ompanies will be homeless. The traditional link to a nation-state will disappear, the relationships will be different, because their business will be widespread. The notion of headquarters is giving way to the reality that the market is open 24/365, the market never sleeps.The natural state of the homo economicus is movement. Innovation is another feature of global economy. And whatever innovation system a company may establish, the innovation of new, better, more efficient, cheaper, more convenient products and services will be permanent; Business systems, products and services, customer relationships and internal staff relationships, will become four key areas for innovations. Companies also need to learn to adapt their identities and shift their business models to adapt to market changes. More and more corporations will have to be like living creatures.The traditional military-like organization that companies have today, based on hierarchy will also have to be adapted. The old py ramid will not survive. The control focus organization will evolve to other forms of flexible, innovation-focused organizations. The next Stage The Region as the unit of the global economy will continue to rise. There are many examples, from Vancouver, to Sao Paulo, Estonia, Ho Chi Ming City or the Baltic Corner, that have been the chance to put together some of the right features to succeed in the global economy. The formula for success is not too complicated.What is complex is the need to unlearn the legacies of the nation-state and acquire new skills to work with global businesses. These regions now compete to attract investors to create wealth, and to this end are marketing themselves as brands to make potential target group investors aware oftheir competitive advantages. Conclusions Ohmae’s definition of the Globalization is described as one global stage where players act in an ever changing plot, brought about by the information technology and telecoms revolution which defies physical and political barriers.A network of powerful machines create, analyze and synthesize information in milliseconds. The information within them is easily and instantly available. The traditional nation-state is an obstacle in many instances to the functioning of this global network. All regions, not nations, of the world, fight and compete with each other to attract money and investment to create wealth in their territory. Traditional economic thinking is obsolete to explain such globalization. Knowledge and education are more important thantangible natural resources, locations or previous sources of wealth.Governments, businesses and individuals can only prosper through flexibility and pragmatism. The world is going through a globalization process , that is both inevitable as part of the natural human evolution and unstoppable ,because of the incentives that produces . The Global economy is a reality not a theory. Globalization is in reality unknown even for those who succeed in it. The features of the global economy are : borderless, invisible, cyber connected, and measured in multiples ,where profit or money is the single most important value.The complexity of the global economy is such that no existing theories can explain it There are many variables that change constantly and create unexpected effects, and the theories and mathematic model that explain complexity can’t be proved empirically. Ohmae does not defend the suppression of the state, but with what I consider good judgment, thinks governments should not try to do things for business, but should allow business to do things for itself.However, he does not emphasize the fact that governments should create the political framework that guarantee the human rights, freedom, and education for people to be able to be competitive in a fair world with a consensus on the big questions of life, including democracy, sustainable growth and basic moral and/or human values in the performance o f the companies. It would be as though the free Market can increase the value of those companies that comply with those â€Å"general framework conditions†, and not only profit determines the value and/or performance of corporations.This may sound like â€Å"wishful thinking†, but I believe the market can better guarantee the sustainability, efficiency, freedom and prosperity of humanity than government. The difficulty, of course, is how to reach that â€Å"general political framework†. World leaders need to search for it and, in my opinion, this will be the single most important issue for world sustainability and prosperity. It has to be the next big revolution. The Humane Political Revolution.

Evaluation of personl learning Essay

An evaluation of my personal learning plan along with comments on how I plan to update my subject specialist knowledge, generic knowledge of teaching and learning, using examples from my practice and discussing the part my mentor played in my development. Introduction The aim of this assignment is to show how my key learning points from my personal learning plan have been put into practice and to evaluate these, examples from my practice will also be used. I will explain how I plan to update not only my subject specialist knowledge but also my generic knowledge of teaching and learning. I plan to also explain and discuss the part my mentor has played in my development over the two years of cert Ed qualification. Having a personal learning plan is a great way of setting out your future objective, aims and goals. Having goals to head for gives you motivation and direction and also builds on confidence and self esteem. However it is a good idea to plan your own personal learning plan, when you plan your own programme, it is more likely to be relevant to your needs and be able to be applied, and be related to, your teaching. This, then, is more likely to give you motivation for your learning (Reece & Walker 2003 pg 400). I plan to review and update my own personal learning plan every six months. However my personal learning is also discussed in my supervisions at work which I have every three months, this enables me to discuss any knowledge I myself wish to update and also any training my manager feels I would benefit from. I feel this is good support to involve my personal learning plan within my supervision, it also shows management that I am committed and taking control of my own learning. My personal learning plan consists of three main areas these are. Subject specialist development This is the subject that I teach this includes my practical and theory work. Generic teaching development This is schemes of work and lesson plans how I use differentiation and assessment, along with assignments and research etc. Skills development This is my literacy, numeracy and ICT skills. My subject specialist area has a variety of subject sessions these are induction, food hygiene awareness, health and safety, individual service planning (ISP), swallowing disorders, manual handling, infection control and first aid I do continuous refreshers on all sessions within the organisation how ever I do also carry out independent reading and research of individual subjects to keep my self updated. Especially on change that relate to any regulations that have an impact on my training sessions. There have been two key personal learning development areas in my subject specialist area the first being ISP training. This training session has had a complete overhaul to how it is to be delivered which has involved a lot of changes to the ISP itself, example how these are set up and completed. For me to deliver this training to my learners I needed to attend a two day training session myself. The sessions involved theory and practical learning giving me the knowledge and the skills to enable me to deliver a practical session to my learners. Example when doing this session my learners will not be just listening and getting involved in group discussions they will be involved in an ongoing practical, At their best, practical’s are an enjoyable and active hands on experience. At their worst they are frustrating episodes where not even the teacher knows what is supposed to be happening (Petty 2004 pg 204). So any practical should be well planned. My learners will be put into pairs one will be the service user and the other the key worker. They will then be given a number of activities to follow. Using this method they will build and complete an ISP, learners are able to swap roles through out so each learner gets to play each role. I have delivered this training session this way on many occasions now and it is working well, learners are enjoying and putting into practice what they have learnt well, this is evident when looking at ISP, s that they have completed. My second key learning point in my subject specialist area is first aid training. I was unable to deliver this session as I did not have the knowledge and qualification to do this. I  attended a two day emergency first aid course down Lincoln through NUCO training, having attended this training I now have the confidence and subject knowledge to be able to deliver this to my learners. The training consisted of two presentations showing the teacher my understanding of the subject and showing I was able to present, I was also assessed on practical exercises through out the two days, example resuscitation procedure, choking procedure, and the procedure in the event of an emergency situation example car accident. This training was very challenging and intense however it has given me the skills to develop an effective training session for my learners. I have two sessions planned to deliver in July. Having being successful in this training I am also able to go and assess other first aid trainers. I plan to update my subject specialist knowledge continuously I will do this by attending refresher training sessions. I am also a member of the Institute for learning where you have to prove you have so many hours of continuous professional development. I also plan to use E-learning within the organisation for any relevant training sessions, along with my independent learning through reading and research on the internet. My generic knowledge of teaching and learning has developed well through out my two years on cert Ed, my skills in lesson planning have developed immensely and I put these into practice on a regular basis. My delivery methods have progressed and become a lot more interactive for my learners, by bringing in differentiation and inclusive learning example hand washing exercise I use a power point slide to show a picture of hands with bacteria on, we have a discussion on hands, show learners how to wash hands correctly, we then do a hands washing exercise covering visual, audio and kinaesthetic learning styles. My assignments now have structure and flow throughout, my spelling and punctuation has also improved, this has been managed through hard work and practice of proof reading which is a skill in its self, a skill that can always be developed further through practice and gathering information from books and the internet. I plan to update my generic knowledge of teaching and learning through independent learning by using the internet and reading books, also the E-learning that the organisation encourage us to use have some useful courses on punctuation, organisation skills, planning skills, assessing and evaluation etc which I  plan to look at using in the future. I am also attending mentoring training at the end of May which I feel will be beneficial to myself and my learners. My skills development have improved over my two years in cert end, in the first year of cert ed my personal learning plan identified my need to achieve level two in both English and maths. I have now achieved both qualifications and in particular benefited greatly from the English this has helped me with my assignments, writing letters, creating handouts for my training sessions and knowing and understanding where a sentence begins and ends along with why we have and need to use punctuation. I did have the basic knowledge of English language but did require further development and knowledge. By attending key skills level two has developed this knowledge which has enabled me to progress in this area of my personal learning. However I do believe I will benefit from further development in this area and plan to progress onto key skills level three English once I have completed my cert ed year two. My ict skills have improved this is through daily use of a laptop and also attending a two day training course through the organisation. The course consisted of two modules first module was an introduction to IT & file management, this module developed my personal learning in areas such as using windows XP, explain the use of options within my computer, being aware of the principals of using my documents, be able to create, change, delete and move files and folders and identify how and when to back data up. Module two outlook & internet/intranet this module has developed my personal learning in areas such as accessing E-learning and being aware of its potential, organising and accessing personal files and to become more familiar with the intranet within the organisation and how to use it effectively. I have also had a small session on the use of power point which has been beneficial to me as within my job role, as at times I am required to put a power point presentation together. I plan to update my ict skills by attending a further two modules which will be organised through the organisation hopefully in the coming year. I also believe everyday use will enhance my skills. I also plan to do a more intense session on power point in the near future. Through my two years of cert Ed I have had a mentor. Mentoring is a  relationship between mentor and mentee that encourages growth and development in a respectful and collegial environment (Morton-Cooper & Palmer, 2000). The mentoring relationship may be an informal arrangement that happens naturally, or a formal relationship that is organised within the work organisation (Rose, 2005). My job role as training and development officer was a new post for me in 2007 and it was my manager who suggested that I enrol onto the cert Ed course rather than training and development NVQ4. She felt that I would gain more from this course and it would equip me with the knowledge and confidence to carry my duties out competently. As my manager is an experienced trainer herself it made sense for her to also be my mentor as she had faith in me from the very beginning of my training. A mentoring relationship tends to be long term that can be entered into at any stage of one’s career (Northcott , 2000). This statement has been true in my case. The relationship I have with my mentor is a good one she has been supportive through out especially when it has come to bringing in new ideas for training sessions in fact she has used some of the ideas herself. The process has always been a two way process. My mentor has not been their to tell me what to do, she has guided, encouraged, supported, provided information and most of all always listened, especially in moments when I have thought this whole thing is too much for me. Through out my observations my mentor has been encouraging and made feel at ease as she knew how nervous I was on these occasions, feed back from observations were always positive and any development points were always taken on board. My mentor has recognised some skills in me that I never realised I had along with helping me developing these skills. Example a year ago my mentor asked me if I would like to do a course that would enable me to deliver first aid training to my learners, so I would not need to sen d them out externally for this training. I explained to my mentor that I was not keen on doing this and felt that this was a course that qualified nurses should do. My mentor did not try to push or persuade me into doing this even though it would save the organisation money. I have just done this course last month and it was me who approached my manager/mentor, I really enjoyed it and I am looking forward to delivering it to my learners. It is amazing what a year can do to some ones confidence and self esteem. If my manager/mentor had made me do this when she wanted me to do it I would not have developed in that area or  enjoyed it. My mentor has always allowed me to do things at my own pace and has a great understanding of how we as individuals learn at different levels and pace. I feel this is a good quality to have when being a mentor. Looking back it was a excellent suggestion from my manager/mentor for me to enrol onto the cert ed, over the two years I feel I have grown not only in confidence but in both the theory and the practical side of my teaching and learning. It has been a privilege to have had a mentor who has guided, supported, encouraged and listened through out the two year process. How ever it does not end there as she is also my manager she will be there for the future too. Conclusion For us to further ourselves I feel it is essential to have objectives, aims and goals. I feel if we do not things do not get done so our goals do not get met. We may have goals in our heads but if they are not planned they tend not to be achieved. For me a personal learning plan is the way forward we can then tick of the goals we have achieved and plan for new goals in the future. Looking back two years ago I would never have dreamt that I would have achieved what I have achieved today, I believe this has been achieved through good planning, good support and hard work by myself. Learning is an ongoing process and I look forward to many more years of teaching and learning. http://sarah-stewart.blogspot.com/2009/02/what-is-mentoring.html retrieved 09/05/2009 Petty,G 2004, A practical guide teaching today, 3rd edn, Nelson Thornes, United Kingdom. Reece, I & Walker, S 2003, Teaching, Training and learning a practical guide, 5th edn, Business Education Publishers Limited, Great Briton. http://sarah-stewart.blogspot.com/2009/02/what-is-mentoring.html retrieved 09/05/2009 Petty,G 2004, A practical guide teaching today, 3rd edn, Nelson Thornes, United Kingdom. Reece, I & Walker, S 2003, Teaching, Training and learning a practical guide, 5th edn, Business Education Publishers Limited, Great Briton.

Organizational Development Interventions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Development Interventions - Essay Example The idea that organizational change needs to be coordinated across a number of dimensions--of which structure and culture might be seen as the two most fundamental is not in itself very new, and has become conventional wisdom in change circles since McKinsey published its well-known Seven S framework, and Peters and Waterman (1982) first aired their excellence truism, "soft is hard." Yet within this literature, it is clear that some alignments have generated more interest and debate than others. From this point of view, organization design--or to be more precise, designing--is concerned with more than neat pictures and "hard" abstract configurations of roles and responsibilities on paper. It is about putting "the human side of change" back into the design process. Changing an organizations structure, from this perspective, implies paying attention to the underlying, emergent processes and systems that connect and activate structural frameworks. In practical terms, this means combining traditional organization design with more sensitive, microlevel interventions designed to open up and reconstruct the organizations underlying working structure. The organization has an institutional own life, which is notoriously difficult to control and manage. (Barley, 1997, 101) It has long been accepted that leadership is a critical factor in the success of change programmes. Much of the literature on leadership and change, however, has tended to concentrate on capabilities and qualities required of key executives and change managers and to overlook the notion of leadership as a process, the property of a system rather than a single person. Such a view can be highly problematic, leading to a rather overromanticized perspective on change, and the hope that a magical, quasi-mystical leader will somehow emerge to take the organization out of the wilderness.

Lead like Jesus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lead like Jesus - Essay Example In fact, servant leadership involves the understanding of the various issues of selflessness and focus on the team and not the leader. However, self-focused and self-centeredness are issues present in humanity. In fact, individuals tend to focus on their success instead of the success of the team members or members of the community. Therefore, by nature, human beings tend to be focused on themselves and not others. In spite of the challenges of self-centeredness, when a person matures, he learns to understand that the world is not about how much one can get, but how much one can give to others. The concept of service to others is integral in the development of servant leadership, which is a concept developed by Jesus (Blanchard and Hodges 40). The concept revolves around caring for others and having love. Leaders motivated with self-interest tend to place their agendas, status, safety and gratification above those people they influence. In such cases, the leaders become self-serving and not serving leaders. Self-serving leaders view feedback as criticism and a threat to their leadership style (Blanchard and Hodges 41). They do not offer a chance for the members to contribute to the development of organization or team The heart of a servant leader involves being meek, humble and loving. The depiction of love in all issues undertaken including the disciplinary action will ensure harmony in the group. A servant leader must focus on the well-being of others and not him. Jesus in his servant leadership model employed the use of love in handling the diverse issues within the organization. In fact, in all his decisions, he considered the impact of the decisions on his members. For instance, he did not send Judas Iscariot away, but kept him close with other disciples (Blanchard and Hodges 38). The depiction of love to Judas was to help in developing his

The CentralFush Website Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The CentralFush Website - Assignment Example Information categories on the website will be as follows:†¢Ã‚  Information about personsThe website will contain information of celebrities from around the world and the various activities that they are involved in, which are in tandem with the fashion trend being discussed. This information will be more graphical than written. The information will be in form of image and videos.†¢Ã‚  Statistical informationStatistical information on the site will cover the analysis of the numbers of young people who are following a particular trend in a given region.   The analysis will be in form of numbers and percentages as compared to the total figure.†¢Ã‚  Public informationPublic information will be general information that originated from the public. For instance, this category will cover the most stocked footwear in most shops in every region. The opinion that the shop-owners have for stocking the footwear will also be included on the website. This is public information. Fun ctions of the WebsiteThe primary function of the website is to deliver trending fashions content to the young people from all over the world. Secondary to this, is cultural integration through the appreciation of various fashions from other cultures.Other RequirementsThe major requirement that the site will need is tailoring it for mobile phone viewing. The reason for this is that many of the expected users will be browsing the site via their handsets. As such, it will be necessary to have the site optimized to run on tablets, iPads as well as mobile phones.

Rethorical analysis of Deep Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rethorical analysis of Deep Play - Essay Example It should also outline the effectiveness of the techniques and examples of the techniques. It is vital to note that during a rhetorical analysis, the analyst does not simply agree with the argument outlined by the author. The rhetorical analysis discusses the techniques used by the author to make arguments. The rhetorical analysis of Diane Ackerman’s Deep Play is essential in the comprehension of the author’s objectives and the themes in the article. The heightened experiences of the society highlight issues such as creativity. According to the article, the society honors and respects the natural world. The author tackles the issue of creativity through the exploration of essential aspects such as the ability of humans to play. The way the author tells the story shows that the ability to play is important to the society because it reflects intricate connections in the social relationships and connections of the culture (Ackerman 19). Deep Play is a brilliant ethnographi c example of the theoretical change from functionalism to interpretative anthropology. Naturalist and poet Diane Ackerman uses meandering meditation to come up with the word deep play. This word refers to a number of things within the scope of the zone and flow, in addition to sacred play. The author’s subject is characterized by ecstasy and intensity. In this case, moments in the article are heightened when the senses and mind work at full capacity. The author’s acknowledgement helps in the creation of potent content for the reader. She also relies on previous works of eco-psychology and poetry. This content fits in the author’s broad conceit as she compiled a wide range of activities (Ackerman 22). The author is able to write using observation, which means that she shows her qualities when she writes about natural elements because they are observable. The author asserts that poetry functions as deep play, which explains why she used poetry in chapter six of he r book. Her observations enabled her to make conclusions about sports. She cited professional athletes as business like people. She also notes that amateurs are more playful than the business like professional athletes. The interpretive anthropology used by Diane Ackerman is based on the fact that meaning is possible. In this case, the meaning is interpreted because it is through differences that people can become aware of different aspects of their lives. These differences also enable them to compare these aspects. In the article Deep Play, Diane Ackerman responds to post colonial fieldwork experiences by using the constructionist theory of knowledge (Ackerman 24). This knowledge is essential in understanding the natural world. It also helps the author to create rapturous moods that awaken creativity and joy in the reader’s inner self. In Deep Play, the author argues that structuralism is different to interpretive or symbolic anthropology. The author implies that instead of using totem rites, myths and marriage rules as textual aspects of interpretation, structuralism uses them as ciphers. According to Diane Ackerman, structuralism does not seek to understand the symbolic forms according to how they function in concrete situations (Ackerman 33). The author seeks to understand the symbolic forms by covering panoply of spiritual, artistic and athletic activities. This plays a crucial role in understanding moments of human transcendence. Structuralism seeks to

The Osu Caste system amongst Igbos in Nigeria Essay

The Osu Caste system amongst Igbos in Nigeria - Essay Example Some attributions to clarify this point can be taken from the fact that under flimsy pretexts some people may even be declared Osus if they do not practice the conventional practices of the presumed superior class of society members. The Osu are considered as untouchable in Nigeria and unfairly portrayed as being lazy, dishonest and dirty with repulsive odour as an overall people of almost 2 million who despite legislative laws continue to suffer injustice and social disabilities in our modern times that still has primitive mentalities. (Untouchability in Nigeria & Victor Dike, Sacramento, California) The origins of the Osu caste system is a debatable issue as they are viewed with conflicting representations. According to some this system come into existence when people become slaves for rituals after being dedicated to Gods and thereafter it was considered taboo for other people to socialize with them. This system can also historically be dated thousands of years back when the rules of Osu must have been decided upon with the requirement factors of communities and villages to have dominance over the minorities. A source also claims that after a community, village or town lost a war; its inhabitants became Osu to placate their conquerors and would be obliged to give some of their kin for sacrificial purpose to the gods of their victors to appease them. These victims eventually became the slaves of the conquerors and lived in their temples and shrines dedicated to the gods of their victor's in their towns and were originally named as the Osu. It is incredible that the Osu caste system effects much of the population that stays on the eastern side of the River Niger in inflicts emotional and mental distress on being alienated with some villages continuing to discriminate even generation upon generation of the first Osu specifically when it comes to the issue of marriages. The terrible caste system nightmare continues to therefore haunt the 2 million Osu people absurdly even in the 21st century. (Osu caste system: 21st Century absurdity in Igboland) People termed as Osu and its Heredity Traditionally the Igbo society is split in the Diala (also known as the Nwadiala) as the freeborn people and the Osu as the untouchables and as culturally the Osu people are portrayed as being unclean, they are presumed to have the capacity to defile others and they are therefore isolated out of fear that they would contaminate society. However as the earlier Osu generations were allowed to be non-celibate even when they were slaves, their children continued to inherit their Osu status. As the Osu caste system is deeply rooted in the Southern Nigerian society, the Osu can not even farm next to the Diala; on dying the can be buried on designated days and they can not become rulers or representatives of communities and there is such deep revulsion of the Osu that in the Igbo society that marriages precede investigation by the Diala to verify that the bride or groom is not by any

A discussion by Lanston Hughes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A discussion by Lanston Hughes - Essay Example families and kids now of their own but it is amplified by the awkwardness of their chance meeting in the busy park in early autumn after years of no communication, each hurrying on the way home before dark. The autumn season signifies the progression towards a time of darkness and coldness, the season of winter. This also somehow conveys the message of being in the sunset or twilight of their lives already, in middle age and soon into retirement age. The exuberance of their youth had been gone and each of them is now weighed down by their respective marital and familial responsibilities. Their sense of loss is further emphasized by the loss of time, if only they could turn back the clock and go back to their younger days when they were the best of lovers. Both of them are now a bit old, although Mary is older than Bill, since she is the elder of the two. The setting of the story is unfailingly very depressing, shown by the metaphors of fallen autumn leaves from the trees, â€Å"fell without wind.† The time of day was â€Å"autumn dusk† which is â€Å"nearly sunset† already; a few more minutes and it would be dark as night sets in. It was â€Å"cold.† Figures of speech used, such as metaphors and euphemisms symbolize the regrets of not having pursued their dreams; both are now in the autumn of their lives (Hughes, 2002, p.

Information Managemen Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information Managemen - Research Paper Example Managers in architectural companies can communicate with an iOS device. The MDM server utilizes a feature known as apple push for notification. The service provided by this device is lightweight and scalable hence connects with MDM to recover pending actions and questions. Managers using the notification services are able to use MDN servers to keep contact with the device that affects performance. Architectural companies can integrate, deploy, and secure iPhones in their system. There are features in iPhone 5 that ensure Microsoft exchange and accesses to corporate emails, calendar and contacts. iPhone 5 can be used to keep valuable data because it has an enhanced data protection. Staff in the company can have accesses to corporate networks with support from Wi-Fi protocols. Architectural companies can take advantage of iPhone features to enhance the company. Furthermore, iPhone 5 is portable because it is the thinnest and lightest phone ever. It is 7.6mm thin and weighs 112 Mgs. Sta ff in architectural company can experience the stunning view offered by iPhone 5 since it has a 4-inch retina display with 326ppi. It offers staff in architectural firms an opportunity to see more content from the internet because it has a large screen. Managers in architectural companies can take advantage of the massive display because of the updated default software like iPhoto and garage band. IPhone 5 displays have two black stripes at both sides for adjustment with screen resolution. The touch sensors integrated into the screen provide the most advanced display that reduces sun glare hence making images sharper. Architectural companies can enjoy services of ultrafast wireless offered by iPhone 5. This provides ready connectivity within the company. The phone supports 802.11 a/b/g and 802.11n dual network supporting frequencies between the range of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. IPhone 5 has the broadest carrier ever compared to other phones. iPhone 5 has an A6 processor that is twice fast er and twice graphics thus providing an incredible experience. Architectural companies can enhance performance through iPhone 5 since is it has a 1.05 GHz processor that is paired with one GB RAM (King, Pp 1). Cores found in A6 are designed to work with smartphone thus enhancing performance. The advanced A6 processor has a new architectural design that allows the company to control performance of A6 to the hilt. This means iPhone 5 has a high processing power compared to other phones. There is little difference between iSight on 4S compared to iPhone 5. At the back, there is a device loaded with 8 megapixels brightened sensor supported camera. The camera can shoot HD videos and produce clear pictures. From the previous VGA, iPhone5 can capture 720p videos because it equipped with 1.2 megapixels. In comparison to Samsung Galaxy S3, iPhone5 has a panorama mode for holding down one key and moving the phone around to capture pictures. iPhone 5 has a feature known as Siri that stirred Sm artphone market because it is more intelligent than ever. S-Voice in Samsung Galaxy SIII or Google lacks many features compared to Siri. This is because Siri has a capability of answering to a broad category of questions (King, Pp 2). The feature has a capability of booking reservation in the best hotels and saves the best seats in movie theatres. Siri helps in launching apps and putting status in Facebook. Siri in iPhone 5 gives individuals the opportunity to understand sports. Within few

Employee Law and Relation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Law and Relation - Assignment Example This article analyses the basic requirement or what qualifies to bring a claim for unfair dismissals and reviews the recent judgments on termination of employment contract and leads to a broad understanding of what courts consider fair and unfair dismissals. The law explains employee as a person who is employed to provide services to a firm or company on the continuous basis in return of some compensation, who doesn't provide the same services as a part of the independent business. A contract of the employment consists of express terms and implied terms. Express terms explain the terms agreed between the employer and employee, which includes wages and anything, which is related to it. The express contracted terms may not be written one. The express terms may be found in pay slips, letters given to employees before or after he or she started working or in any letter the employee was asked to sign during the course of work. When a particular employment problem crops up it has to be ascertained that whether the employer is a worker. However, any document like, pay slips, the job advertisement any letter sent by the employer in possession of the employee itself will prove that he or she is a worker of that company. The employee must have 12 months continuous service, there are exceptions to this rule. Even if the employee has less than 12 months service he/she may bring a claim for unfair dismissal if he/she is dismissed for the reasons mention under unfair dismissal clauses. To bring a claim under unfair dismissal act the employee must have worked under a contract of service or employment and must have been dismissed in order to raise a claim. In constructive dismissal, the employee resigns, but claims that his employers conduct towards him was the reason to resign the job. If the employer disputes the dismissal, the onus of proving the dismissal lies with the employee, and then only the claim will continue to the next stage. If the employee qualifies under the unfair dismissals legislation he may bring the claim to The Rights Commissioner or Employment Appeals Tribunal.  Ã‚  

Homeless And Public Policy Essay Example for Free

Homeless And Public Policy Essay Homeless   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any types of society, be it large or small scale, numerous problems can be experienced by the social elements building the public unit. In the case of Lakeland, Florida, there are now a great number of homeless individuals because of certain social and economic conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Primarily, the main losers in this social problem are the individuals who are homeless. The homeless people tend to be the losers since they will not have much opportunity to improve their lives in the absence of a home. People in the neighborhood can also become the losers since some of them feel anxious about their security in the presence of homeless people in the streets of their community. In a positive perspective, the homeless people can also be considered as the primary gainers. These individuals in Lakeland can expect to have a warm compassionate reaction from its neighborhoods (Inside Lakeland, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a significant direct cost of having homeless people lurking in Lakeland. For one, damage to private and public properties may be involved in the complete manipulation by homeless individuals of the current infrastructure where they want to dwell in. Another is the possibility of garbage amount increase in the area because of improper disposal processes. The indirect cost on the other hand can be realized in the form of lesser external investments due to the visual and probably perceptive impression of investors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary attributed factor which brings homelessness rates in Lakeland relatively high is somehow pointed out to personal concerns of individuals.   Alcoholism, drug use, mental health issues and unemployment are among the top issues. Thus, not being able to resolve these problems leads to homeless situations for people with such dilemmas in life.   References Inside Lakeland PD. 2007. Policing the Homeless in Lakeland. Retrieved November 29, 2007 from http://www.insidelakelandpd.org/2007/06/policing_the_ho.html.

Criminal Liability and GBH Problem Question

Criminal Liability and GBH Problem Question From a brief review of the facts it seems that Aisling may be charged for criminal liability under non-fatal offences against the following; Charles, Bernadette Dan. However, Aisling must realize that the prosecution would have to prove each and every element of the beyond reasonable doubt, Woolmington v DPP[1]; which is a very high standard to achieve. S.39 of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 1988[2] defines common assault battery as summary offences, and consequently a person proven guilty of either is liable to a fine and/or imprisonment for not more than 6 months. The prosecution, will likely assert that Aislings words constituted an assault to Charles. For such a charge to carry any liability, the prosecution will have to prove that Aislings intentional words caused Charles to apprehend impending unlawful force. The House of Lords (HOL) made it clear in Ireland [3], that words can on their own constitute an assault; as per Lord Stern. Moreover, Aisling cannot take up the defense , that she did not intend to threat Charles, but rather just wanted Charles to leave; consequently, her act of saying the words is enough evidence for a charge of assault, Logdon v DPP [4]. However, in this case, the whole conviction rests on the fact that did the victim apprehend immediate unlawful personal violence? because if Charles did not feel threatened at any moment during his conversation with Aisling, then such a conviction may not stand against the defendant. The court cleared that in situations where an assault to person is not possible, words alone could not suffice to carry any liability; Tuberville v Savage [5]. Conversely, it is necessary to understand that for a charge of assault, it is essential to prove that the victim had an appreciation of imminent harm from the defendant; it is not enough to show that as the result of the defendants actions the victim developed fear that they might be harmed on some time later in the future. Thus, it seems unlikely that such a charge would carry any liability under s.39 CJA 1988. Lastly, the prosecution must prove that Aisling either intended or was reckless to the fact that her words could apprehend imminent unlaw ful violence to Charles; Venna (COA)[6] affirmed by HOL in Savage and Parmenter [7]. This seems quite self-evident given the fact, that she intended to use those words so that Charles would leave the birthday party. As for Aislings criminal liability towards Bernadette; she may be charged on two accounts; firstly, the injury to the foot, sustained by Bernadette; Aisling may be charged under s.20 OAPA for maliciously wounding or inflicting GBH. For such a charge the prosecution must prove that the defendants actions or omissions, wounded the victim; and as per the decision in C (a minor) v. Eisenhower[8], wounding entails à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a break in the continuity of both layers of the skin. Both the dermis and epidermis must be broken. However, it is noteworthy to mention that generally, minor wounds are charged under s.47 OAPA, but considering the evidence that Bernadette lost a lot of blood and required ten stiches, it is fair to assume that this criminal charge will fall under s. 20 OAPA. As far as the Mens rea is concerned, the prosecution must establish that Aisling either intended or was reckless to the fact of causing the injury/ies. Lord Diplock in Mowatt[9] made clear the correct interp retation of maliciously; and later affirmed by the HOL in Savage Parmenter[10]; that it does not matter whether the accused foresaw that their unlawful act could not cause harm to such a gravity, i.e. serious harm. All that was essential was that the accused anticipated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦some physical harm to some person, albeit of a minor characterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. And from the facts, it is palpable that Aisling noticed the broken glass and the danger it may cause to the guests who were about to play blindfolded, but neglected the danger which she created, anyways. Such recklessness is covered by the test laid down by Lord Diplock. And, in Caldwell[11] Lord Ackner affirmed that the prosecution must prove the defendants intention or foresight, of his actions causing harm. Aisling second charge will be for the punch, which although was meant for Dan but landed on Bernadette; s.47 OAPA Assault occasioning actual bodily harm (ABH) provides for imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years. The prosecution must firstly, establish that there was a common assault, both assault and battery; DPP v. Little[12]; and this assault or battery resulted in occasioning ABH to the victim. Here, Aisling tried to punch Dan, but he ducked and the punch was received by Bernadette, which is battery; the actual unlawful force towards the victim, without their consent, Fagan v MPC[13]. The prosecution must establish that there was an application of force; Collins v Wilcock[14]; Goff LJ stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that every persons body is inviolateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Any touching of another person, however slight may amount to a battery. ABH is defined in Miller[15], as including any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with the health or comfort of the victim. The 1994 Charging Standards guidelines provides a scale to determine ABH [16]. Secondly, the persecution must establish causation; that the application of force, occasioned the bodily harmed suffered by the victim. The test to establish legal causation would require the prosecution to prove that Aislings actions; i.e. punching, was the operating substantial cause of the suffering to Bernadette; Pagett Cheshire[17]; which is evidenced by the fact of the eye bruising and discomfort which lasted for 3 days. However, it must be noted that Aislings defense cannot rely on the fact that Aisling never had the necessary mens rea of punching Bernadette, as the doctrine of transferred malice will come into play and effectively transfer the mens rea of the offence from Dan to Bernadette; Latimer[18] where the defendant was held liable for injuries to a third party bystander, when the accused tried to hit the original victim but missed had hit another third party bystander. Aisling intentionally hit Dan with a vase on the head, because of the remarks he passed on her; thereby causing head injuries which caused Dan to suffer a coma for several weeks. The prosecution will push for a conviction under s.18 OAPA GBH with intent. They will, first have to prove that Aisling inflicted or caused the injuries to Dan; Wilson[19], thus it must be proved that was the defendants actions were the operating substantial cause for the injuries sustained by the victim; Cheshire[20]. Secondly, the prosecution will have to establish that the harm suffered by Dan was really serious harm, as per the HOL in DPP v. Smith[21]. Thus, in Bollom [22], the COA held that the jury must consider the age, health and the entirety of the injuries; in deciding whether the injuries sustained were grievous or not. The 1994 Charging Standards provides guidelines to determine GBH in injuries [23]. Lastly, the prosecution must establish Aislings necessary mens rea and must prove that she inte nded to cause serious harm/ GBH to Dan. As it is factually evident that she hit the vase with full force, at Dans head, it is presumable that she must have foreseen some really serious harm coming to Dan. But for a conviction under s.18 OAPA, specific intent to cause grievous bodily harm or to resist arrest is required and recklessness or foresight is not sufficient. Similarly, in Ismail[24]; the court found the defendant liable for GBH with intent, where he threw acid on the victims face, thereby causing injuries and blinding. Ultimately, it will be up to the jury to decide the question of intention guided by these principles, finding Aislings criminal liability towards Dan. (1301 Words) Bibliography Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials By Jonathan Herring, 6th Edition. [1] Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462 [2] Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 1988 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/33/section/39 [3] R v. Burstow, R v. Ireland [1997] UKHL 34 [1997] 4 All ER 225, [1997] 3 WLR 534, [1998] 1 Cr App R 177, [1997] Crim LR 810. [4] Logdon v DPP [1976] Crim LR 121 (DC). [5] Tuberville v Savage [1669] EWHC KB J25, (1669) 1 Mod Rep 3, 86 ER 684 [6] Venna (COA) [1975] 3 All ER 788 (CA). [7] Savage and Parmenter [1992] 1 AC 699, 736, per Lord Ackner. [8] C (a minor) v. Eisenhower [1984] QB 331 [9] R v. Mowatt [1968] 1QB 421 [10] Savage and Parmenter [1992] 1 AC 699, 736, [11] R v Caldwell [1982] AC 341 [12] DPP v. Little [1992] QB 645 [13] Fagan v MPC [1969] 1 QB 439 [14] Collins v Wilcock [1984] 3 All ER 374 [15] R v Miller [1954] 2 QB 282 [16] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦loss or breaking of teeth, temporary loss of sensory function, extensive or multiple bruising, broken nose, minor fractures or minor cuts requiring stitches. The 1994 Charging Standards http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/offences_against_the_person/#a03 [17] R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 R v Cheshire [1991] 3 ALL ER 670 [18] R v. Latimer (1886) 17 QBD 359 [19] R v. Wilson [1984] AC 242 [20] R v Cheshire [1991] 3 ALL ER 670. [21] DPP v. Smith [1961] AC 290 [22] R v. Bollom [2004] 2 Cr App R 6, [23] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦resulting in loss of sensory function, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ injuries with substantial loss of blood, injuries requiring lengthy treatment or incapacity, severe internal injuries and those resulting in significant disablement of the victim, whether temporary or permanent. The 1994 Charging Standards http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/offences_against_the_person/#a03 [24] R v Ismail (1991) 13 Cr App R (S) 395, CA

Deontology And Consequentialism Case Analysis

Deontology And Consequentialism Case Analysis Why did they receive bonuses when their institutions had billions of euros in losses? Why did they get large pensions after they had to be fired? (International Bar Association, 2010, p108). A lot of questions arose when it became clear that Multi-National companies, especially in the financial sector, were giving out bonuses to employees while they received financial funds from the government or were in desperate need of financial aid. Many people were angry with the fact that employees and highly placed bankers collected bonuses despite the fact that many believed they did not do a good job at countering the financial crisis or financial uncertainty in their firm. Some even believe these people were the cause of the whole economic instability. Many different countries are looking for solutions to prevent companies of awarding their employees with bonuses while there is no genuine reasons for. (Watson, 2009). According to Haag and Muller (IBA, 2010), bonuses should not depend on solely the individual performance or contribution of a particular employee, but should be based on the performance of a department or even the whole institution. In this essay, I will address if an international business has the right to grant their employees bonuses, even whilst the corporation is monetarily healthy or is being supported by state funds. To address this dilemma and view it from an ethical perception, I will use two well known theories in the world of philosophy. These are deontology and consequentialism. Deontology is a theory that concentrates itself in making choices that are morally required, prohibited or just (Moore and Alexander, 2007). In this case, this theory questions if multinational companies are in fact morally righteous towards their employees or morally wrong towards the public, as in deceiving the population or hiding the truth of what really happened or what has not occurred yet. Deontologists believe in acting in the sense of the right thing to do, no so much in the judgment of the good thing to do. In other words, no matter how good an decision might be, if it would not be the right thing to do, that action should not be made. There are two main deontological theories; Agent-Centered theories and Patient-Centered teories. The Agent-Centered theory explains that the moral choices people make are decided by personal duty and acceptance (Alexander, Moore, 2007). For example, it is a parents duty to treat his or her child as more important than other people, but, other adults have no responsibility to treat that parents child more different than anyone else. To simplify it even more, it is alright for the parent to save his or her own child even if that could be the cause of harmful or disastrous consequences for other peoples children. In case of Patient-Centered deontology, this theory centers itself among the rights of individuals, instead of personal duty and obligation. Individuals have the right not to be used for moral good if that would be against their will (Alexander, Moore, 2007). In other words, causing harm to someone in order to do good, that would not be morally possible without permission from that person to harm him or her. Deontologists are fond of this way of thinking because it gives them permission to keep family and friends safe even when causing danger to others. This brings a pretty big disadvantage to this theory, people can become irrational in making decisions just for the sake of having a duty or permissions to do so. The exact opposite of deontology would be consequentialism. A consequentialist consider this theory to be applied to situations about moral rightness of acts that solely depends on the consequences of those acts for them to be morally right (Armstrong, 2006). In other words, it an act does or does not bring out the best consequences, this means an act is morally right or wrong. Everyone agrees that the consequences of our actions matter morally, but some people think that only the consequences matter (Mason, 2009). Consequentialism is one of many different diverse claims under the name of classic utilitarianism. Actually, classic utilitarianism is divided into eleven claims that creates this theory. This many claims makes this theory a difficult one to understand at first. There is one major difference between consequentialism and Deontology; according to consequentialists some we should never do whatever the consequences are. However, deontologists believe some things can be done because it is their duty to do so, even when the consequences are very negative. This because deontologists following Immanuel Kants moral philosophy state there are rules to be following no matter what the consequences are according to Johnson (2009). To determine what theory does or does not apply the most towards the dilemma of this essay, whether companies are to be restricted or not from them granting bonuses to their employees. In an ideal world, the perfect solution would be the satisfaction of each side, whether that side is in favor for bonuses or not. Not granting employees bonuses at all would definitely diminish their motivation and dedication for the company, thus resulting in a less stable company. However, giving the full hundred percent bonus to employees, while not deserving this, because they did a poor job, would negatively affect the public. As Haag (IBA, 2010) said, when the public became aware of the large amounts of bonuses paid, while they were supported by large capital injections by the government, this resulted in a logical reaction of anger. If we should believe a deontological explanation of this dilemma, a reasonable argument could be that employees that receive excessive bonuses should take responsibility for doing poor job, and eventually should decide not to accept the bonus from their employers. Why should these employees be rewarded with a sum of money they do not deserve? However, not all employees are the cause of a possible financial instability of a company. Bad leadership, bad decisions or just the lack of ability to communicate and/or delegate could have be the cause of this financial instability in a company. Not all employees ranging in the organizational structure are to blame as some might have done an excellent job, without knowing the company was in dire need of financial funds. These people should not be punished for their act of not knowing what was going on in the company. If we relate this dilemma to the actual theory of deontology, and especially the agent-centered theory behind this philosophy, it seems that the people responsible for causing financial instability in their company have no interest in their company whatsoever. It is supposed to be their duty to act in the best interest for their company. However, it seems they only seem to act selfishly for their own good; make the most money, related to the bonus system, in the smallest amount of time possible for their own gain. On the other hand, if we would look at consequential reasoning, arguments might be perceived totally different. For instance, employees that get bonuses are more satisfied and thus are more motivated and dedicated to the company they work for. This would result in a more stable, pleasant and reliable company to be working for. On the other hand, bad publicity for companies that grant unacceptable bonuses could result in even worse financial conditions they were originally in. There is a chance there is no longer faith in a company that has no purpose for society to exist. It only causes the society trouble as they probably have to pay taxes for the debt caused by the company, however, this would only be in extreme cases if the company would be on the verge of insolvency. To counter and regulate the excessive bonuses being awarded to employees, bonus taxes were introduced by governments. Many employees believe there was no regulation according to Mueller (IBA, 2010). It was an exceptional chance to exploit the financial markets, without knowing what kind of consequences could come from making such actions. Culture, miscommunication and manipulation within an organization or department are also aspects that are needed to be questioned in order to make a decisive statement. In the end, it is not the system which is good or bad, most likely it are people/employees that can or cannot, on whichever level within an organization, handle these very important responsibilities. I would recommend an consequentialist view on the decision of the introduction of the bonus system in (non-)commercial companies. Recommendation IBA: International Bar Association (2010). A survey of current regulatory trends. Johnson, Robert. (2008) Kants Moral Philisophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/ Watson, J. (2009). Bonus Culture. http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=0EACCDBE-287B-473C-BBE6-A550508F7804 [Accessed 25/10/2010] Armstrong, W, S. (2006) Consequentialism. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/ [Accessed 26/10/2010] Alexander, L. Moore, M. (2007) Deontological Ethics. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/#AdvDeoThe [Accessed 26/10/2010] Mason, E. (2009). What is consequentialism? http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1fid=3331492jid=THIvolumeId=8issueId=21aid=3331484 [Accessed 04/11/2010]

Unjust War :: essays research papers

The Vietnam conflict began in the late nineteenth century. The French conquered Vietnam and made it a protectorate. For nearly forty years, Vietnam had not experienced settled peace. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh) was formed in 1941, seeking independence from the French. On September 2nd, 1945, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed it independent of France. The French opposed their independence from 1945 to 1954. The French wanted to reestablish their rule in Vietnam but were beaten at the battle of Dien Bien Phu on May 7th, 1954. Ho Chi Minh led the war against France and won (lawson 13-15). After the war there was a conference in Geneva where Vietnam was divided into two parts along the seventeenth parallel. North Vietnam was mainly Communist and supported Ho Chi Minh, while the south was supported by the United States and the French were based there (bender 55-59). There was still some Communist rebels within South Vietnam. These were the Viet Cong. The South Vietnam ruler was Ngo Dinh Diem who was anti-Communist. At the conference, Laos and Cambodia became independent states (johnson 34). North Vietnam wished to unify North and South Vietnam through military force. Since the United States feared the spread of communism in Asia, John F. Kennedy provided economic and military aid to South Vietnam to prevent the takeover by North Vietnam (bender 35). At this time, this was still a civil war and because this was a civil war the United States had no right to become officially involved, but at this point it did (mcleod 120-125). The North Vietnamese resented the little intervention by the United Sates and so, three Vietnamese torpedo boats fired on the U.S. destroyer, "Maddox" on August 2nd, 1964. The "Maddox" had been in the Gulf of Tonkin, (international waters), thirty miles off the coast of Vietnam. On August 3rd, 1964, President Johnson gave the right " to attack with the objective of destroying attacking forces.† Retaliation air attacks began on August 3rd. Their aim was to destroy North Vietnam's gunboat capability. As two more United States destroyers were supposedly sunk, more air and sea forces were sent. Up until now, the U.S. had refrained from direct combat. This is when the United States formally entered the Vietnam War. The U.S. did this for two reasons. We wished to maintain the independence of South Vietnam and we had to prove to allied nations that we would help them resist Communist overtaking.

Facebook Activity Should NOT Play a Role in Employment Essay -- Social

As if employment isn’t already a topic of importance regardless of personal reason, most issues concerning it, hit close to home. Employment is influenced by many things. Some of the major influences are expected like drug testing and background checks. These have little to no amount of controversy, pending personal issues. Other things are not so anticipated, namely what content is on particular social media websites like Facebook. This exact scenario played out in my life much to my dismay. After I applied, interviewed and accepted a position in the education field, I received a phone call from the employer who informed me that they would no longer offer me the position due to an undisclosed reason. Subsequently, I began an investigation into the reason I lost the opportunity of employment with the school district, only to discover astonishing exploits, the culmination of which resulted in my misfortune. These exploits had originated from a personal conflict between an individual that was my friend on Facebook prior to the dispute. Though I can honestly admit that this altercation got vicious, I never believed it would go as far as it had. This individual took my name and pictures and attached them to messages that I had allegedly sent to her. These messages contained highly inappropriate and threatening material. Then she proceeded to send them to the administration department. One person in the Human Resour ces department came to the decision that even though he didn’t know me, my qualifications, or even if the allegations were true, my personal life and Facebook page disqualified me from employment. Incontestably, I felt this infringed on my constitutional rights, confidentiality, as well as my personal life. Most Ame... ... with job performance, and work time. Without this distinction a mental and physical toll is paid and it comes at a high cost to the motivated. Employment simply should not be based upon a personal social networking website, it is unconstitutional, breaks social expectations of confidentiality, as well as imposes upon personal lives and motivations. Unless contractually bound to obey particular guidelines concerning social media, it should play no role in obtaining or termination of employment. Considering that there was no proof of legitimacy and it did not happen on work property or time, undeniably my claim of hideous encroachment on these Rights and socially accepted standards is correct. This very travesty, lead to the children at that particular school district to potentially have to settle for a person that is less qualified than I for their education.

THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Butterfly Effect† was perhaps one of the best films I have ever seen. I found it mysterious, interesting and fascinating. I wanted to write my reaction paper about â€Å"Butterfly Effect† because of the similarity to the film we saw in class called â€Å"Donnie Darko†. Both films investigate the issue of destiny thoroughly. Both film had a male character that has memories, dreams or black outs which make them at first confused. But later on, they realized the power they have in order to change their destiny. The main difference between those two films is their endings. While Donnie Darko has a bad ending, Butterfly effect ends more optimistic. We can say the end of the film in â€Å"butterfly effect† is left to the audience to interpret. Also Donnie Darko had the time travel once but the main character Evan had the time travel several times. Both films impressed me much and changed my view about destiny. But the reason I write about ‘’ B utterfly Effect† is that it was more realistic than â€Å"Donnie Darko†. (Rabbit) While watching the film my suspense level was always at the top. Some points were kept mystical and contradictory till the end of the film. At the first scenes in Film, it is a little bit hard to understand what is happening, but later on, the story can be understand easily. At the beginning we know just that the main character Evan is living with his mom and has a bad childhood with full of missing memories and black outs. He started to get psychological treatment right a... THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT Essay -- essays research papers â€Å"Butterfly Effect† was perhaps one of the best films I have ever seen. I found it mysterious, interesting and fascinating. I wanted to write my reaction paper about â€Å"Butterfly Effect† because of the similarity to the film we saw in class called â€Å"Donnie Darko†. Both films investigate the issue of destiny thoroughly. Both film had a male character that has memories, dreams or black outs which make them at first confused. But later on, they realized the power they have in order to change their destiny. The main difference between those two films is their endings. While Donnie Darko has a bad ending, Butterfly effect ends more optimistic. We can say the end of the film in â€Å"butterfly effect† is left to the audience to interpret. Also Donnie Darko had the time travel once but the main character Evan had the time travel several times. Both films impressed me much and changed my view about destiny. But the reason I write about ‘’ B utterfly Effect† is that it was more realistic than â€Å"Donnie Darko†. (Rabbit) While watching the film my suspense level was always at the top. Some points were kept mystical and contradictory till the end of the film. At the first scenes in Film, it is a little bit hard to understand what is happening, but later on, the story can be understand easily. At the beginning we know just that the main character Evan is living with his mom and has a bad childhood with full of missing memories and black outs. He started to get psychological treatment right a...